Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

Women have been discriminated against for a long time and it still happens today. Women are being discriminated against in institutions like family and healthcare. Women are viewed as less than men and are not taken seriously. Examples of this are mentioned in “Family and Women’s Lives” by Susan Lehrer and “A Marriage Agreement” by Alix Kates Shulman. When talking about family people tend to have the image of a nuclear family in their head; two heterosexual parents with two kids. In this family the mother takes on the responsibility of the house, the children and her own job while the father works.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

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An example discrimination on women in a family institution is the assumption that woman are the ones who have to leave her job if she gets pregnant to take care of the child. Men say their wife’s education is important and meaningful as long as dinner is on the table when they get home (Lehrer, 251). Also when money is short the women would be the one to go without a meal to make sure their children and husband have something to eat (Lehrer, 252). There is a lot of this in Hispanic families in my opinion. I’m Puerto Rican and growing up at family dinners the women were always the one doing the kitchen work. These were their roles. Women give up so much and take on so many responsibilities but society still looks at women as less than and weak. If you look at women without judgment you can see how strong they are for giving up who they are to take care of others. Lehrer ends her article saying that the challenge we have today as a society is to accept change when women decided not to take on the gender norms in the household and to help shape the change to make women’s live easier than harder (Lehrer, 255)Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

A good interpersonal relationship between a patient and provider – as characterised by
mutual respect, openness and a balance in their respective roles in decision-making –
is an important marker of quality of care. Unfortunately however, the patient-provider
interface has often been described by clients as discriminatory, marginalising, abusive
and mirroring the social stratifications of society at large. This holds true for both
developed and developing countries. This experience of discrimination and poor
quality care is even more marked for poorer, lower class, caste women and men and is
also mediated often by other factors including ethnicity, religion and language group
etc. While there have been important regional and country efforts to provide more
client-centred care, the special role of gender as an underlying social determinant in
shaping the interaction between clients and providers while often acknowledged is
still poorly understood and only in recent years received attention. In this paper, we
recognise that the patient-provider interaction can be studied across a range of
services including preventive, promotive, chronic, inpatient and the broad range of
sexual and reproductive health services. However, for the purposes of this paper, we
will focus on a limited range of conditions and services which will illustrate the
important pathways gender impacts on the patient-provider interaction.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay
In this paper, the question will be addressed in three main parts. In the first part we
are interested in mapping the context of how gender shapes provider-client
interaction, and the impact of these interactions in 4 areas: 1) differential patterns of
care for men and women for the same health problem; 2) differential patterns of care
by male and female health workers; 3) the gendered division of labour; and 4) patterns
of abuse of patients. The second part of the paper will provide a detailed breakdown
of the nature of provider-patient interactions and how gender impacts on these
interactions from the perspective of patients and providers. The paper will conclude
with reviewing gender-specific policies and programme interventions within the
health system for improving the interpersonal dimension of health care and hence
quality of care. This paper is based on a comprehensive literature review of peerreviewed studies and the grey literature obtained through a combination of Medline
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and web-based searches as well as links provided by colleagues working in the field
of gender and health.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay
In order to explore the assertion of differential patterns of care for men and women
for the same health problem, we looked at the experiences in the areas of tuberculosis
and depression. In both instances, men and women differed in a number of important
ways. Not only did they understand and talk about their illnesses differently, their
treatment seeking behaviour also varied. There was also evidence, from a limited
number of studies that under-diagnosis of TB in women and depression in men is
linked to gender-stereotyping on the part of providers.
Studies investigating gender-based differential patterns of care by providers arise
predominantly from the developed countries. The dearth of similar data from
developing countries suggests an important gap in documenting the experiencing in a
range of middle and low income settings. These studies, which are largely USAbased seem to suggest gender-based differences in communication and services
provided. However, none of these studies have directly addressed the issue of how
power is altered and shaped by the gender dynamics between the patient and provider.
For instance, are patients more passive in their interaction with male providers
compared to female providers? Also, how does the interaction of gender with class
and ethnicity of the provider influence the interaction? Alternatively, are there
instances where it is more important for patients to consult with providers of their
own race and ethnicity and gender is of secondary importance?
In highly patriarchal societies, the importance of gender concordance between
provider and patient is important because of socio-cultural and/or religious norms and
practices which not only demarcate gender roles but also restrict social and physical
contact between men and women. In such societies marked by deep gender inequities,
gender also impacts providers – particularly those at the front-line – who are
predominantly women. In societies, these women experience discrimination within
the workplace and the society at large, which spills over into their interaction with
their patients.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay
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A consideration of interventions took as its starting point the areas outlined by
Women and Gender Equity Knowledge which underscores the importance of
recognising that in order redress gender-biases and discrimination in the patientprovider interaction calls for action on multiple levels through the deployment of
several strategies. The strategies we considered were in three areas: 1) health systems
legislation and policy, 2) integrating gender into health programmes, institutions and
3) integrating gender into health worker training.
We considered firstly policies on the rights of the patient which have attempted to
improve the patient-provider interaction, although they do not address gender directly
and secondly those which have more explicitly incorporated gender equity, often
within a broader context of population and development policies and a quality of care
framework. Such policies and actions which seek to empower and strengthen the
political agency and autonomy of women can be limited in their reach if they are not
supported by appropriate programmatic changes on the ground. For instance, laws
intended to reinforce adolescent mothers’ rights to care and information can fail if
skills are not upgraded and gender sensitisation is not incorporated and facilities are
located in areas which adolescent women consider compromise their privacy and
anonymity etc. Secondly, we examine the experiences of integrating gender into
health programmes, institutions with programme cases of health literacy and women
and men centred services. Finally, we argued that integrating gender into health
worker training is essential. An improved understanding of how gender shapes the
lives of health workers themselves has often been neglected as illustrated by the
experience of initiatives such as Health Workers for Change. Finally, we support the
view that the male-centric biomedical framework based on male models of pathology
and treatment is embedded in the training of health professionals. As illustrated from
the case in Kerala, there are efforts in several countries to transform medical
education.
In the discussion section we discuss the role of the health system as a core social
institution and argue that it should be seen as a space in which to begin to challenge
gender norms that negatively impact on the nature of health care providers and
patients.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

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In conclusion the paper argues that it is import to try and raise the sensitisation of
health care providers through pre-service and in-service training, along side
recognising the gender constraints that health care workers face. It also suggests that
empowerment of patients and patient literacy is an important way to improve the
power dynamics in the relationships between patients and providers, but that within
this movement that has been insufficient attention paid to gender dynamics.
Integrating gender into clinical audits and other ways of measuring quality of care is
also important. Finally the article concludes that sexual and reproductive health
services are particularly impacted by gender bias and discrimination and that
particular attention needs to be paid to how these services are provided within the
health system.

Women are paid 79 cents for every dollar paid to men (Hegewisch and DuMonthier 2016). This is despite the fact that over the last several decades millions more women have joined the workforce and made huge gains in their educational attainment.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

Critics of this widely cited statistic claim it is not solid evidence of economic discrimination against women because it is unadjusted for characteristics other than gender that can affect earnings, such as years of education, work experience, and location. Many of these skeptics contend that the gender wage gap is driven not by discrimination, but instead by voluntary choices made by men and women—particularly the choice of occupation in which they work. And occupational differences certainly do matter—occupation and industry account for about half of the overall gender wage gap (Blau and Kahn 2016).

To isolate the impact of overt gender discrimination—such as a woman being paid less than her male coworker for doing the exact same job—it is typical to adjust for such characteristics. But these adjusted statistics can radically understate the potential for gender discrimination to suppress women’s earnings. This is because gender discrimination does not occur only in employers’ pay-setting practices. It can happen at every stage leading to women’s labor market outcomes.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

Take one key example: occupation of employment. While controlling for occupation does indeed reduce the measured gender wage gap, the sorting of genders into different occupations can itself be driven (at least in part) by discrimination. By the time a woman earns her first dollar, her occupational choice is the culmination of years of education, guidance by mentors, expectations set by those who raised her, hiring practices of firms, and widespread norms and expectations about work–family balance held by employers, co-workers, and society. In other words, even though women disproportionately enter lower-paid, female-dominated occupations, this decision is shaped by discrimination, societal norms, and other forces beyond women’s control.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

This paper explains why gender occupational sorting is itself part of the discrimination women face, examines how this sorting is shaped by societal and economic forces, and explains that gender pay gaps are present even within occupations.

Key points include:

Gender pay gaps within occupations persist, even after accounting for years of experience, hours worked, and education.
Decisions women make about their occupation and career do not happen in a vacuum—they are also shaped by society.
The long hours required by the highest-paid occupations can make it difficult for women to succeed, since women tend to shoulder the majority of family caretaking duties.
Many professions dominated by women are low paid, and professions that have become female-dominated have become lower paid.Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay
This report examines wages on an hourly basis. Technically, this is an adjusted gender wage gap measure. As opposed to weekly or annual earnings, hourly earnings ignore the fact that men work more hours on average throughout a week or year. Thus, the hourly gender wage gap is a bit smaller than the 79 percent figure cited earlier. This minor adjustment allows for a comparison of women’s and men’s wages without assuming that women, who still shoulder a disproportionate amount of responsibilities at home, would be able or willing to work as many hours as their male counterparts. Examining the hourly gender wage gap allows for a more thorough conversation about how many factors create the wage gap women experience when they cash their paychecks.

Within-occupation gender wage gaps are large—and persist after controlling for education and other factors
Those keen on downplaying the gender wage gap often claim women voluntarily choose lower pay by disproportionately going into stereotypically female professions or by seeking out lower-paid positions. But even when men and women work in the same occupation—whether as hairdressers, cosmetologists, nurses, teachers, computer engineers, mechanical engineers, or construction workers—men make more, on average, than women (CPS microdata 2011–2015).Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

As a thought experiment, imagine if women’s occupational distribution mirrored men’s. For example, if 2 percent of men are carpenters, suppose 2 percent of women become carpenters. What would this do to the wage gap? After controlling for differences in education and preferences for full-time work, Goldin (2014) finds that 32 percent of the gender pay gap would be closed.

However, leaving women in their current occupations and just closing the gaps between women and their male counterparts within occupations (e.g., if male and female civil engineers made the same per hour) would close 68 percent of the gap. This means examining why waiters and waitresses, for example, with the same education and work experience do not make the same amount per hour. To quote Goldin:Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay

Another way to measure the effect of occupation is to ask what would happen to the aggregate gender gap if one equalized earnings by gender within each occupation or, instead, evened their proportions for each occupation. The answer is that equalizing earnings within each occupation matters far more than equalizing the proportions by each occupation. (Goldin 2014)

This phenomenon is not limited to low-skilled occupations, and women cannot educate themselves out of the gender wage gap (at least in terms of broad formal credentials). Indeed, women’s educational attainment outpaces men’s; 37.0 percent of women have a college or advanced degree, as compared with 32.5 percent of men (CPS ORG 2015). Furthermore, women earn less per hour at every education level, on average. As shown in Figure A, men with a college degree make more per hour than women with an advanced degree. Likewise, men with a high school degree make more per hour than women who attended college but did not graduate. Even straight out of college, women make $4 less per hour than men—a gap that has grown since 2000 (Kroeger, Cooke, and Gould 2016). Dricrimination of Women In The Family And In The Healthcare System Essay