Tooth decay is the loss of enamel from the tooth surface. When sugary drinks are consumed the bacterium in the oral cavity turns the sugar to acids. These acids eat off at the enamel on dentitions. The remotion of the enamel ( tooth decay ) can take to pits. Dental eroding is the irreversible loss of a tooth to chemical disintegration by acids non of bacteriums origin. Tooth decay is the most common chronic diseases of kids ages 5 – 17 although it is merely comparatively late that it has been recognized as a dental wellness job.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. There is by and large widespread ignorance of the detrimental effects of acerb eroding, this peculiarly the instance with eroding due to fruit juices, because they are perceived to be healthy. Erosion if found ab initio in the enamel and if unchecked, may continue to the implicit in construction of a tooth. Numerous clinical and laboratory studies link eroding to inordinate ingestion of drinks, fruit juices such as orange and lemon juices ( which contain citric acid ) and carbonated drinks ( largely contain citric and phosphorous acid ) . Previous scientific research findings have aid to warn consumers that the pH ( possible of H ) degree of below pH 5.0 – 5.7 may originate dental eroding.
The ingestion behavior plays a major function in unwritten wellness. However, public consciousness on dental eroding, another signifier of tooth surface devastation, is non high. Dental eroding is a consequence of mineral loss from the tooth surface due to a chemical procedure of acidic disintegration. Beginnings of acids can be endogenous or exogenic, and erosive strength is modified by quality and measure of spit. Acidic drinks are the most common extrinsic factors that cause dental eroding ( tooth decay ) . Because of these identified factors that I am interested to make this research to unclutter my wonder following few researches which have been done antecedently on similar subject.
Basically this experiment is done to back up my hypothesis. The experiment consists of garnering extracted human dentition of assorted forms and sizes, disinfection and the entry in the selected drinks. Duration of 5 months is needed to finish the whole experiment of which each month the dentitions are being assessed separately and documented for the alterations happening throughout the period of experiment. With the findings, I will be convinced and able to convert that acidic drinks cause tooth decay. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
Reappraisal of Literature
Lemon Juice
The juice extracted from fresh lemon or even those processed, are used as bracing drink. Peoples go for lemon juice, or instead merely any citric juices, is because they are able to chill down our organic structure temperature. This is why when people are enduring from febrility or sore pharynx, they are advised to imbibe more of citric juices so that the organic structure system can be cooled down and this will in bend helping in recovery. Besides that, lemon juice has besides high content of Vitamin C which is indispensable to our organic structure immune system.
2.2 Coke
Following, I did research on my 2nd solution, which is coke. Coke is a celebrated soft drink which is favored worldwide. Behind the fizzing feeling and the sweet tasting of the drink, it is really one of the chief subscribers to tooth decay. Coke is a really sweet drink and due to the sugariness, coke is able to advance the growing of unwritten bacteriums, which is known as Streptococcus mutan[ 1 ]as the sugar contained in coke can feed the bacterium. By and large, coke contains phosphorous acid and due to the acidic belongingss, coke has the ability to eat the tooth enamel through the chemical reaction between the acid and the unwritten bacteriums in the unwritten pit. Plus, coke can stain the dentition and signifiers cavities on the surface of the dentitions[ 2 ].
Coffee
As for java, From what I have studied, java will do calcium loss in our bone mass, which leads to the elimination of Ca from our castanetss, does n’t count which portion of our organic structure it is. The loss of Ca from the castanetss will do the cutting of the dentition which in bend, do the dentition to go weak and are vulnerable to corrosion or interruption. Furthermore, java is besides largely acidic, which will besides in bend causes tooth eroding, so leads to tooth decay[ 3 ].
2.4 Energy Drink
Energy drinks such as 100-Plus, which I have chosen to be tested in my experiment, can besides leads to tooth decay. The pH degree of the drink can take to tooth eroding and hypersensitivity. It causes the dislocation of the tooth construction, which in bend causes the tooth to disintegrate. In soft drinks like this, it is non the sourness of the drink that cause tooth eroding, but it is the buffering capacity ” of the drink that causes the tooth to eat. Buffering capacity ” is the ability to neutralize acid[ 4 ]. Energy drinks have the highest average buffering capacity, doing them to hold the strongest possible to do tooth eroding, which leads to tooth decay.
2.5 Sugar Solution
I besides used sugar solution as a solution to be tested as it is largely used in our day-to-day life. Sugar is really scientifically known as saccharose, a sweet tasting organic compound, derived from glucose and fruit sugar. Streptococcus mutans which live in our unwritten pit will respond with the sugar and signifier lactic acid which will besides do tooth eroding due to the acidic belongingss. Sucrose will be converted into dextran which favors the bacteriums to be attracted to the dentition. Dextran is the nutrient for the unwritten bacteriums and lactic acid is their waste merchandise[ 5 ]. Therefore, those bacteriums will merely lodge to the dentition. This will do it hard to take those bacteriums[ 6 ].
2.6 Tap Water
Last but non least, the tap H2O. In fact, tap H2O will non do tooth decay as it does non hold any effects on our dentitions. Tap H2O is fluoride-enhanced, and it serves the intent of doing the dentition stronger and protects the dentition. Let us take an illustration of toothpaste. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. All the toothpaste are made to be fluoride-enhanced, this is because fluoride is an of import teeth-protecting agent. Therefore, tap H2O will non stand the possibility of doing tooth decay.
The ingestion behavior plays a major function in unwritten wellness. However, public consciousness on dental eroding, another signifier of tooth surface devastation, is non high. Dental eroding is a consequence of mineral loss from the tooth surface due to a chemical procedure of acidic disintegration. Beginnings of acids can be endogenous or exogenic, and erosive strength is modified by quality and measure of spit. Acidic drinks are the most common extrinsic factors that cause dental eroding ( tooth decay ) . Because of these identified factors that I am interested to make this research to unclutter my wonder following few researches which have been done antecedently on similar subject.
Basically this experiment is done to back up my hypothesis. The experiment consists of garnering extracted human dentition of assorted forms and sizes, disinfection and the entry in the selected drinks. Duration of 5 months is needed to finish the whole experiment of which each month the dentitions are being assessed separately and documented for the alterations happening throughout the period of experiment. With the findings, I will be convinced and able to convert that acidic drinks cause tooth decay. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
Reappraisal of Literature
Lemon Juice
The juice extracted from fresh lemon or even those processed, are used as bracing drink. Peoples go for lemon juice, or instead merely any citric juices, is because they are able to chill down our organic structure temperature. This is why when people are enduring from febrility or sore pharynx, they are advised to imbibe more of citric juices so that the organic structure system can be cooled down and this will in bend helping in recovery. Besides that, lemon juice has besides high content of Vitamin C which is indispensable to our organic structure immune system.
2.2 Coke
Following, I did research on my 2nd solution, which is coke. Coke is a celebrated soft drink which is favored worldwide. Behind the fizzing feeling and the sweet tasting of the drink, it is really one of the chief subscribers to tooth decay. Coke is a really sweet drink and due to the sugariness, coke is able to advance the growing of unwritten bacteriums, which is known as Streptococcus mutan[ 1 ]as the sugar contained in coke can feed the bacterium. By and large, coke contains phosphorous acid and due to the acidic belongingss, coke has the ability to eat the tooth enamel through the chemical reaction between the acid and the unwritten bacteriums in the unwritten pit. Plus, coke can stain the dentition and signifiers cavities on the surface of the dentitions[ 2 ].
Coffee
As for java, From what I have studied, java will do calcium loss in our bone mass, which leads to the elimination of Ca from our castanetss, does n’t count which portion of our organic structure it is. The loss of Ca from the castanetss will do the cutting of the dentition which in bend, do the dentition to go weak and are vulnerable to corrosion or interruption. Furthermore, java is besides largely acidic, which will besides in bend causes tooth eroding, so leads to tooth decay[ 3 ].
2.4 Energy Drink
Energy drinks such as 100-Plus, which I have chosen to be tested in my experiment, can besides leads to tooth decay. The pH degree of the drink can take to tooth eroding and hypersensitivity. It causes the dislocation of the tooth construction, which in bend causes the tooth to disintegrate. In soft drinks like this, it is non the sourness of the drink that cause tooth eroding, but it is the buffering capacity ” of the drink that causes the tooth to eat. Buffering capacity ” is the ability to neutralize acid[ 4 ]. Energy drinks have the highest average buffering capacity, doing them to hold the strongest possible to do tooth eroding, which leads to tooth decay.
2.5 Sugar Solution
I besides used sugar solution as a solution to be tested as it is largely used in our day-to-day life. Sugar is really scientifically known as saccharose, a sweet tasting organic compound, derived from glucose and fruit sugar. Streptococcus mutans which live in our unwritten pit will respond with the sugar and signifier lactic acid which will besides do tooth eroding due to the acidic belongingss. Sucrose will be converted into dextran which favors the bacteriums to be attracted to the dentition. Dextran is the nutrient for the unwritten bacteriums and lactic acid is their waste merchandise[ 5 ]. Therefore, those bacteriums will merely lodge to the dentition. This will do it hard to take those bacteriums[ 6 ].
2.6 Tap Water
Last but non least, the tap H2O. In fact, tap H2O will non do tooth decay as it does non hold any effects on our dentitions. Tap H2O is fluoride-enhanced, and it serves the intent of doing the dentition stronger and protects the dentition. Let us take an illustration of toothpaste. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. All the toothpaste are made to be fluoride-enhanced, this is because fluoride is an of import teeth-protecting agent. Therefore, tap H2O will non stand the possibility of doing tooth decay.
2.7 Tooth Anatomy
I have besides done some researches on human tooth and its anatomy. As the map of the dentition is to seize with teeth and masticate nutrient hence they are the first measure in the digestion of nutrient. The long, crisp eyetooth dentitions tear up nutrient. The broad, level grinders grind and mash up nutrient. Teeth besides help us say certain sounds. Peoples have two sets of dentitions in their lives, the primary dentition ( besides called the babe, milk or deciduous dentitions ) and the lasting dentition. Children have 20 primary dentitions ; they are replaced by the lasting dentition by about age 13. Adult have 32 lasting dentitions. Because of the of import function of dentitions, we must be cognizant that acidic content in a drink will lend to tooth decay. Below is a diagram of tooth anatomy:
Degree centigrades: UsersNicholas SamuelDesktopTooth Anatomy.GIF[ 7 ]
Diagram of a tooth anatomy
3.0 Hypothesis
Acid in drinks is the cause of tooth decay. Acidic drinks such as orange juice and lemon juice, the acid content will easy fade out the Ca in your dentitions, the surface of the tooth, which is called the enamel. It dissolves the Ca molecules from the tooth surface, therefore the dentition will eat.
Method Development & A ; Planing
In order to transport out this research successfully, stuffs have been carefully chosen so that the consequences produced will be more accurate and promising. Materials runing from the solutions being tested to the dentitions were carefully studied through several effectual researches and readings from assorted utile beginnings. For my research, I am traveling to happen out the effects of assorted day-to-day consumed drinks on our dentitions, so I have studied and researched on drinks such as lemon juice, coke, java, isosmotic drink ( 100-Plus ) , sugar solution and besides tap H2O. The pick of tap H2O in my experiment is because of the impersonal pH and fluoride sweetening. I have been analyzing about the composings of each of these drinks and how do they really contributed to tooth decay, significance, what is that in the drinks that cause out dentitions to disintegrate.
This experiment was carried out in the Health Laboratory of a Government Health Clinic in Sibu. This Health Clinic is a polyclinic in nature and of Type 3 ( Ministry of Health Malaysia categorization for Polyclinic ) . All the research work was done during each of my college vacations. I was fortunate because I was consented to utilize the installations like digital weighing graduated table, microscope and so forth. All the extracted human dentitions were supplied by the following door dental clinic with consent granted by the dental officer. I was besides being taught the proper manner of disinfect the dentition with the proper germicide by the wellness staff in the research lab. The chief ground why I chose to make my experiment in a wellness clinic is because there is proper equipment available at that place for me to transport out my experiment swimmingly. Besides I can besides manage the dentition in a more appropriate manner to forestall myself from the bacteriums.
During the planning phase, I have made a thorough research in taking the appropriate drinks to be tested in my experiment. The ground why I chose merely those drinks is because they are some of the popular drinks and are consumed the most nowadays. Besides that, these drinks are easy available in the market, irrespective whether it is in the urban country or the rural country. And since I am analyzing of the effects of these drinks on homo, so kids can be a good topic for me because these drinks are chiefly consumed by kids. Plus, these drinks are besides really low-cost, so there wo n’t be any fiscal job in the whole procedure of this experiment. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
As for the dentitions, assorted types of dentitions were used in this experiment. However, no specific tooth is being used due to the inaccessibility. These dentitions range from Incisors, Canine, bicuspid to molar. Tooth that is with minimum eroding noted is selected for this experiment as no perfect human tooth is being extracted and readily available for such an experiment. 30 human dentitions are used in this experiment. Merely 30 dentitions are used because it is rather hard to acquire human dentitions as human dentitions are truly soiled and dentists normally dispose them off instantly due to hygienic ground. Besides that, as for the solutions, 200ml of each solution is used. The same sum of solutions are besides used each and everytime when I change the solutions in each beaker, one time a hebdomad.
This experiment takes about 5 months in order to obtain a more important and accurate consequence. Initially the continuance of the experiment was merely 10 hebdomads as planned ; nevertheless no important alteration can be seen. Therefore, the continuance of the experiment was extended to 5 months alternatively because the dentition required a longer period of clip to witness a important alteration in the construction of every tooth. The experiment was carried out at room temperature, which is about at. This is because unwritten bacteriums can work good at such temperature, which may lend to a more accurate consequence.
The experiment was done, with permission, for utilizing the equipment at a Clinic research lab of a Healthcare installation in Sibu. All the extracted dentition for this survey were taken from the Dental Clinic of that installation with each tooth weighs between 0.510 gm and 2.280 gm depending on assorted types of dentition ( molar, premolar, eyetooth and incisor ) extracted and the weight of these extracted dentitions. After being exhaustively washed and disinfected ( to forestall any possible infections during the procedure of this experiment ) , specimens ( extracted dentition ) were alternately immersed, 5 ‘s, in each different types of drinks place in a labeled beaker runing from A to F as follows:
Beaker A – Lemon juice
Beaker B – Coke
Beaker C – Coffee
Beaker D – 100 Plus
Beaker E – Sugar Solution
Beaker F – Pat Water
This survey was done for continuance of 5 months. This is to enable me to observe important alterations. This is necessary in order for me to chart and document accurately the bit by bit changes to these dentitions. A shorter continuance will non demo any important alterations which could be documented. The first reading will merely be done after 1 month station submergence in each of the pronounced beaker filled with the experimented drinks. These readings include the certification of the coloring material, contour ( mass ) and the weight of each tooth after which at the terminal of my survey I would be able to find which of the 6 beakers show important alterations in the tooth mass. The review of each beaker will be done monthly for the following subsequent 5 months.
Beaker A ( lemon juice ) Beaker B ( Coke ) Beaker C ( java )
Beaker D ( 100 Plus ) Beaker E ( sugar H2O ) Beaker F ( tap H2O )
In the interim, a clean 200ml beaker was used to mensurate 200ml of lemon juice and the beaker is labelled consequently. The pH of each drink is being measured to find their sourness degree. pH Chart from the diary of dental hygiene is being used as a guideline for my experiment. The diagram below show the assorted pH degrees of often consumed nutrients and drinks below pH 5.0 – 5.7 which may originate dental eroding. This measure was repeated to mensurate out the same sum ( 200ml ) of Coke, java, 100 Plus, sugar H2O and tap H2O. In the experiment, tap H2O Acts of the Apostless as a control. After that, 30 dentition of about the same size were cleaned and disinfected exhaustively with antiseptic germicide. The dentition must be clean and are without pestilence in order to observe new alterations to the mass and contour of the dentition. Then, the dentitions were dried with a hair drier to determine that the dentitions are wholly dry and no residuary H2O detected. This is done to do certain that the consequence will non be tempered. The initial mass of each tooth was besides weighted and the measurings were recorded.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. After the measurement processes, each of the dentition was immersed into their several beakers runing from beaker A to beaker F, 5 dentitions per solution per beaker due to the limited sum of human dentitions available. Those dentitions must be immersed wholly in their several solution. After that, those 6 beakers were left in the research lab under standard room temperature and humidness.
After a month, every tooth in the 6 beakers was separately checked and the alterations which had taken topographic point on the surface of the dentitions were observed and documented with each of the tooth mass measured. Then these dentitions are re-immersed with fresh drinks ( to guarantee the authority of these drinks does non worsen ) for the subsequent month certification. This procedure will be carried out at a monthly interval with fresh solution to observe any alterations happening to the mass and contour of the dentitions, be it acute or gradual. At the terminal of the experiment which lasted for 5 months, the dentitions were removed from each of the solutions and they were cleaned. After cleaning procedure, the dentitions were dried utilizing a hair drier until each of them was wholly dry. The concluding mass of each tooth was weighted and all the measurings were recorded as shown in the tabular array below. At last, the informations collected, which is the concluding mass ( quantitative informations ) and the observation on the dentition ( qualitative informations ) were tabulated for analysis.
Degree centigrades: UsersNicholas SamuelDesktoppH Scale.png[ 8 ]
Diagram of the pH degree of often consumed nutrient and
drinks below pH 5.0-5.7 may originate dental eroding.
5.0 Materials and Procedure
5.1 Materials
Materials
Measure
Extracted tooth
30
Lemon juice
200ml
Coke
200ml
Coffee
200ml
100 Plus
200ml
Sugar solution
200ml
Tap Water
200ml
5.2 Apparatus
Apparatus
Measure
200ml beaker
6
Forcepss
1
Electronic balance
1
Magnifying glass
1
Hair drier
1
Microscope
1
5.3 Variables
Variables
Independent variable
Different types of drinks
( lemon juice, coke, java, 100 plus, sugar H2O, tap H2O )
Dependent variable
Condition of the dentitions
Changeless variable
Volume of drinks used
Type of dentitions used
Temperature of the drinks
Duration of the experiment
Number of dentitions used
5.4 Methodology
Fix 6 clean and empty beakers.
Label all the 6 beakers with alphabets, runing from A to F.
Beaker A – Lemon juice
Beaker B – Coke
Beaker C – Coffee
Beaker D – 100 Plus
Beaker E – Sugar solution
Beaker F – Distilled H2O
In the average clip, utilize a clean 200ml beaker, step 200ml of lemon juice.
Repeat measure ( 3 ) with coke, java, 100 Plus, sugar H2O and distilled H2O.
The distilled H2O Acts of the Apostless as the control experiment.
Then, clean 30 dentitions of the same size thoroughly.
Make sure that there is no plaque on them.
Dry the dentition with a hair drier.
Weight the initial mass of the dentition. Record the measurings.
Immerse the each of the dentition into several beakers.
Label the dentition with Numberss 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for easy acknowledgment. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
Make sure that the tooth is wholly immersed in their several solution.
Leave the 6 beakers in the research lab with a criterion environing temperature.
After 24 hours, look into on the tooth in the 6 beakers and detect the alterations which are taken topographic point on the surface of the dentition.
Remove the dentition from the solutions and clean them.
Dry the dentition with a hair drier and do certain that they are wholly dry.
Weight the concluding mass of the dentition. Record the measuring.
Table the information.
Data Collection
6.1 Quantitative Data
Drinks
pH Value
Lemon Juice
2.10
Coke
2.30
Coffee
4.95
100 Plus
3.78
Sugar Solution
7.00
Tap Water
7.00
The tabular array shows the pH degree of each drink for this survey.
Type of Drinks
pH Value
( )
Calendar month
Mass of Teeth/mg ( )
Tooth 1
Tooth 2
Tooth 3
Tooth 4
Tooth 5
Lemon Juice
2.10
1
2.37
2.68
1.80
2.22
1.05
2
2.37
2.67
1.79
2.21
1.04
3
2.35
2.65
1.78
2.20
1.03
4
2.33
2.63
1.75
2.18
1.01
5
2.29
2.60
1.72
2.14
0.98
Coke
2.30
1
1.82
2.33
2.06
1.80
2.46
2
1.81
2.32
2.06
1.80
2.44
3
1.79
2.30
2.04
1.78
2.43
4
1.75
2.28
2.01
1.76
2.41
5
1.75
2.26
1.98
1.74
2.39
Coffee
4.95
1
1.55
1.74
2.34
2.26
1.37
2
1.55
1.73
2.33
2.26
1.36
3
1.54
1.73
2.32
2.25
1.36
4
1.52
1.71
2.31
2.25
1.35
5
1.50
1.69
2.29
2.24
1.33
100 Plus
3.78
1
2.67
2.64
2.75
1.30
2.14
2
2.66
2.63
2.75
1.30
2.12
3
2.64
2.61
2.73
1.28
2.10
4
2.62
2.60
2.71
1.25
2.08
5
2.60
2.58
2.69
1.23
2.06
Sugar Solution
7.00
1
1.37
1.46
2.06
1.47
2.33
2
1.37
1.45
2.04
1.46
2.32
3
1.35
1.45
2.03
1.44
2.30
4
1.34
1.44
2.01
1.43
2.29
5
1.33
1.43
2.00
1.42
2.28
Tap Water
7.00
1
2.65
2.43
2.86
1.43
2.63
2
2.65
2.43
2.86
1.43
2.63
3
2.65
2.43
2.86
1.43
2.62
4
2.64
2.43
2.85
1.43
2.62
5
2.63
2.42
2.84
1.43
2.61
The tabular array shows the mass of the dentitions throughout the experiment.
6.2 Qualitative Data
Type of Drinks
Calendar month
Coloring material
Contour
Mass
Lemon Juice
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow
Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel
Little lessening
4
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Coke
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
4
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Coffee
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow brown
Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel
Little lessening
4
Brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
100 Plus
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow
Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel
Little lessening
4
Yellow
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Sugar Solution
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
3
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
4
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Tap Water
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
3
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
4
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
5
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
The tabular array shows the observations obtained throughout the experiment. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
7.0 Data Processing & A ; Analysis
7.1 Datas Processing
7.1.1 Calculation for the difference in mass of the dentition.
Formula:
Difference in mass =Mass in month 1- Mass in month 5
Example,
The 5th month ( lemon juice ) , tooth 1:
Difference =
=
*Same computation applied to others.
Type of Drinks
Difference in mass/mg ( )
Tooth 1
Tooth 2
Tooth 3
Tooth 4
Tooth 5
Lemon Juice
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
Coke
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.07
Coffee
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.04
100 Plus
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
Sugar solution
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.05
Tap H2O
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02
The tabular array shows the difference in mass of each tooth throughout the 5 months for each drink.
7.1.2 Calculation for the uncertainnesss of difference in mass
Formula:
Uncertainty of the initial mass + uncertainness of the concluding mass
Example,
Therefore, difference in mass for tooth 1 in lemon juice:
Difference =
*Same computation applied to others.
7.1.3 Calculation for the mean difference.
Formula:
Example,
For lemon juice:
*Same computation applied to others.
Type of Drinks
Average difference in mass/mg
Lemon juice
0.08
Coke
0.07
Coffee
0.05
100 Plus
0.07
Sugar solution
0.05
Tap H2O
0.01
The tabular array shows the mean difference in mass of the dentitions in each drink.
7.1.4 Calculations for the Standard divergence of the mean difference in mass.
Due to the complexness of the computation, the standard divergence is calculated by utilizing the Graphic Display Calculator ( GDC ) .
Stairss:
Press the STAT button.
Press the ENTER button.
List the informations ( the norm difference in mass of the 5 dentitions per solution ) in one of the column.
Press the STAT button.
Press & gt ; button so that the CALC image on the screen is highlighted.
Press the ENTER button.
Beside the 1 – Volt-ampere Stats words on the screen, type the 2ND button and the name of the column that contains the information ( name of the column used in measure 3 ) .
Press the ENTER button.
The standard divergence is equal to.
The above stairss are repeated to cipher the standard divergence for the dentition in the remainder of the drinks.
Example,
For lemon juice,
Key in the difference in mass of the 5 dentitions in the 1st column.
Based on the stairss above, the GDC automatically calculated the standard divergence, which is, .
*Same computation applied to others.
Type of Drinks
Average Difference in Mass/mgStandard Deviation
Lemon juice
0.080.004
Coke
0.070.007
Coffee
0.050.007
100 Plus
0.070.008
Sugar Solution
0.050.011
Tap H2O
0.010.009
The tabular array shows the mean difference in mass of the dentition with the standard divergence. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
7.1.5 Calculation of the rate of reaction between the dentitions and the drinks.
Formula:
Calculations:
Lemon Juice
Rate of Reaction =
=
Coke
Rate of Reaction =
=
Coffee
Rate of Reaction =
=
100 Plus
Rate of Reaction =
=
Sugar Solution
Rate of Reaction =
=
Tap Water
Rate of Reaction =
=
7.1.6 Calculation for the standard mistake of the rate of reaction.
Formula:
Where,
= uncertainness of the mass
= rate of reaction
Examples:
Lemon juice
Coke
Coffee
100 Plus
Sugar Solution
Tap Water
Type of Drinks
pH Value
Duration of Experiment/ months
Average Difference in Mass/ milligram
Rate of Reaction/ mg/day
Lemon juice
2.10
5
0.080.004
Coke
2.30
5
0.070.007
Coffee
4.95
5
0.050.007
100 Plus
3.78
5
0.070.008
Sugar solution
7.00
5
0.050.011
Tap H2O
7.00
5
0.010.009
The tabular array shows the sum-up of the computations in the experiment.
7.2 Data Presentation
7.3 Statistical Analysis
7.3.1 T-test lemon juice and sugar solution.
1st Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
2.024
1.738
Discrepancy
0.39683
0.18467
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.933627334
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.286
df
4
T Stat
2.38114E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is non important. This is because all the dentitions used in this experiment have an mean mass ab initio.
7.3.2 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
2nd Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
2.016
1.728
Discrepancy
0.39858
0.18127
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.938299713
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.288
df
4
T Stat
0
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 2nd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 2nd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 2nd month is non important. This is because there are still non much corrosion happened on all the dentition.
7.3.3 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
3rd Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
2.002
1.714
Discrepancy
0.39357
0.18013
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.931180389
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.288
df
4
T Stat
4.80088E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important because there are still non much corrosion happened on all the dentition.
7.3.4 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
4th Calendar month:
I have besides done some researches on human tooth and its anatomy. As the map of the dentition is to seize with teeth and masticate nutrient hence they are the first measure in the digestion of nutrient. The long, crisp eyetooth dentitions tear up nutrient. The broad, level grinders grind and mash up nutrient. Teeth besides help us say certain sounds. Peoples have two sets of dentitions in their lives, the primary dentition ( besides called the babe, milk or deciduous dentitions ) and the lasting dentition. Children have 20 primary dentitions ; they are replaced by the lasting dentition by about age 13. Adult have 32 lasting dentitions. Because of the of import function of dentitions, we must be cognizant that acidic content in a drink will lend to tooth decay. Below is a diagram of tooth anatomy:
Degree centigrades: UsersNicholas SamuelDesktopTooth Anatomy.GIF[ 7 ]
Diagram of a tooth anatomy
3.0 Hypothesis
Acid in drinks is the cause of tooth decay. Acidic drinks such as orange juice and lemon juice, the acid content will easy fade out the Ca in your dentitions, the surface of the tooth, which is called the enamel. It dissolves the Ca molecules from the tooth surface, therefore the dentition will eat.
Method Development & A ; Planing
In order to transport out this research successfully, stuffs have been carefully chosen so that the consequences produced will be more accurate and promising. Materials runing from the solutions being tested to the dentitions were carefully studied through several effectual researches and readings from assorted utile beginnings. For my research, I am traveling to happen out the effects of assorted day-to-day consumed drinks on our dentitions, so I have studied and researched on drinks such as lemon juice, coke, java, isosmotic drink ( 100-Plus ) , sugar solution and besides tap H2O. The pick of tap H2O in my experiment is because of the impersonal pH and fluoride sweetening. I have been analyzing about the composings of each of these drinks and how do they really contributed to tooth decay, significance, what is that in the drinks that cause out dentitions to disintegrate.
This experiment was carried out in the Health Laboratory of a Government Health Clinic in Sibu. This Health Clinic is a polyclinic in nature and of Type 3 ( Ministry of Health Malaysia categorization for Polyclinic ) . All the research work was done during each of my college vacations. I was fortunate because I was consented to utilize the installations like digital weighing graduated table, microscope and so forth. All the extracted human dentitions were supplied by the following door dental clinic with consent granted by the dental officer. I was besides being taught the proper manner of disinfect the dentition with the proper germicide by the wellness staff in the research lab. The chief ground why I chose to make my experiment in a wellness clinic is because there is proper equipment available at that place for me to transport out my experiment swimmingly. Besides I can besides manage the dentition in a more appropriate manner to forestall myself from the bacteriums.
During the planning phase, I have made a thorough research in taking the appropriate drinks to be tested in my experiment. The ground why I chose merely those drinks is because they are some of the popular drinks and are consumed the most nowadays. Besides that, these drinks are easy available in the market, irrespective whether it is in the urban country or the rural country. And since I am analyzing of the effects of these drinks on homo, so kids can be a good topic for me because these drinks are chiefly consumed by kids. Plus, these drinks are besides really low-cost, so there wo n’t be any fiscal job in the whole procedure of this experiment. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
As for the dentitions, assorted types of dentitions were used in this experiment. However, no specific tooth is being used due to the inaccessibility. These dentitions range from Incisors, Canine, bicuspid to molar. Tooth that is with minimum eroding noted is selected for this experiment as no perfect human tooth is being extracted and readily available for such an experiment. 30 human dentitions are used in this experiment. Merely 30 dentitions are used because it is rather hard to acquire human dentitions as human dentitions are truly soiled and dentists normally dispose them off instantly due to hygienic ground. Besides that, as for the solutions, 200ml of each solution is used. The same sum of solutions are besides used each and everytime when I change the solutions in each beaker, one time a hebdomad.
This experiment takes about 5 months in order to obtain a more important and accurate consequence. Initially the continuance of the experiment was merely 10 hebdomads as planned ; nevertheless no important alteration can be seen. Therefore, the continuance of the experiment was extended to 5 months alternatively because the dentition required a longer period of clip to witness a important alteration in the construction of every tooth. The experiment was carried out at room temperature, which is about at. This is because unwritten bacteriums can work good at such temperature, which may lend to a more accurate consequence.
The experiment was done, with permission, for utilizing the equipment at a Clinic research lab of a Healthcare installation in Sibu. All the extracted dentition for this survey were taken from the Dental Clinic of that installation with each tooth weighs between 0.510 gm and 2.280 gm depending on assorted types of dentition ( molar, premolar, eyetooth and incisor ) extracted and the weight of these extracted dentitions. After being exhaustively washed and disinfected ( to forestall any possible infections during the procedure of this experiment ) , specimens ( extracted dentition ) were alternately immersed, 5 ‘s, in each different types of drinks place in a labeled beaker runing from A to F as follows:
Beaker A – Lemon juice
Beaker B – Coke
Beaker C – Coffee
Beaker D – 100 Plus
Beaker E – Sugar Solution
Beaker F – Pat Water
This survey was done for continuance of 5 months. This is to enable me to observe important alterations. This is necessary in order for me to chart and document accurately the bit by bit changes to these dentitions. A shorter continuance will non demo any important alterations which could be documented. The first reading will merely be done after 1 month station submergence in each of the pronounced beaker filled with the experimented drinks. These readings include the certification of the coloring material, contour ( mass ) and the weight of each tooth after which at the terminal of my survey I would be able to find which of the 6 beakers show important alterations in the tooth mass. The review of each beaker will be done monthly for the following subsequent 5 months.
Beaker A ( lemon juice ) Beaker B ( Coke ) Beaker C ( java )
Beaker D ( 100 Plus ) Beaker E ( sugar H2O ) Beaker F ( tap H2O )
In the interim, a clean 200ml beaker was used to mensurate 200ml of lemon juice and the beaker is labelled consequently. The pH of each drink is being measured to find their sourness degree. pH Chart from the diary of dental hygiene is being used as a guideline for my experiment. The diagram below show the assorted pH degrees of often consumed nutrients and drinks below pH 5.0 – 5.7 which may originate dental eroding. This measure was repeated to mensurate out the same sum ( 200ml ) of Coke, java, 100 Plus, sugar H2O and tap H2O. In the experiment, tap H2O Acts of the Apostless as a control. After that, 30 dentition of about the same size were cleaned and disinfected exhaustively with antiseptic germicide. The dentition must be clean and are without pestilence in order to observe new alterations to the mass and contour of the dentition. Then, the dentitions were dried with a hair drier to determine that the dentitions are wholly dry and no residuary H2O detected. This is done to do certain that the consequence will non be tempered. The initial mass of each tooth was besides weighted and the measurings were recorded.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. After the measurement processes, each of the dentition was immersed into their several beakers runing from beaker A to beaker F, 5 dentitions per solution per beaker due to the limited sum of human dentitions available. Those dentitions must be immersed wholly in their several solution. After that, those 6 beakers were left in the research lab under standard room temperature and humidness.
After a month, every tooth in the 6 beakers was separately checked and the alterations which had taken topographic point on the surface of the dentitions were observed and documented with each of the tooth mass measured. Then these dentitions are re-immersed with fresh drinks ( to guarantee the authority of these drinks does non worsen ) for the subsequent month certification. This procedure will be carried out at a monthly interval with fresh solution to observe any alterations happening to the mass and contour of the dentitions, be it acute or gradual. At the terminal of the experiment which lasted for 5 months, the dentitions were removed from each of the solutions and they were cleaned. After cleaning procedure, the dentitions were dried utilizing a hair drier until each of them was wholly dry. The concluding mass of each tooth was weighted and all the measurings were recorded as shown in the tabular array below. At last, the informations collected, which is the concluding mass ( quantitative informations ) and the observation on the dentition ( qualitative informations ) were tabulated for analysis.
Degree centigrades: UsersNicholas SamuelDesktoppH Scale.png[ 8 ]
Diagram of the pH degree of often consumed nutrient and
drinks below pH 5.0-5.7 may originate dental eroding.
5.0 Materials and Procedure
5.1 Materials
Materials
Measure
Extracted tooth
30
Lemon juice
200ml
Coke
200ml
Coffee
200ml
100 Plus
200ml
Sugar solution
200ml
Tap Water
200ml
5.2 Apparatus
Apparatus
Measure
200ml beaker
6
Forcepss
1
Electronic balance
1
Magnifying glass
1
Hair drier
1
Microscope
1
5.3 Variables
Variables
Independent variable
Different types of drinks
( lemon juice, coke, java, 100 plus, sugar H2O, tap H2O )
Dependent variable
Condition of the dentitions
Changeless variable
Volume of drinks used
Type of dentitions used
Temperature of the drinks
Duration of the experiment
Number of dentitions used
5.4 Methodology
Fix 6 clean and empty beakers.
Label all the 6 beakers with alphabets, runing from A to F.
Beaker A – Lemon juice
Beaker B – Coke
Beaker C – Coffee
Beaker D – 100 Plus
Beaker E – Sugar solution
Beaker F – Distilled H2O
In the average clip, utilize a clean 200ml beaker, step 200ml of lemon juice.
Repeat measure ( 3 ) with coke, java, 100 Plus, sugar H2O and distilled H2O.
The distilled H2O Acts of the Apostless as the control experiment.
Then, clean 30 dentitions of the same size thoroughly.
Make sure that there is no plaque on them.
Dry the dentition with a hair drier.
Weight the initial mass of the dentition. Record the measurings.
Immerse the each of the dentition into several beakers.
Label the dentition with Numberss 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for easy acknowledgment. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
Make sure that the tooth is wholly immersed in their several solution.
Leave the 6 beakers in the research lab with a criterion environing temperature.
After 24 hours, look into on the tooth in the 6 beakers and detect the alterations which are taken topographic point on the surface of the dentition.
Remove the dentition from the solutions and clean them.
Dry the dentition with a hair drier and do certain that they are wholly dry.
Weight the concluding mass of the dentition. Record the measuring.
Table the information.
Data Collection
6.1 Quantitative Data
Drinks
pH Value
Lemon Juice
2.10
Coke
2.30
Coffee
4.95
100 Plus
3.78
Sugar Solution
7.00
Tap Water
7.00
The tabular array shows the pH degree of each drink for this survey.
Type of Drinks
pH Value
( )
Calendar month
Mass of Teeth/mg ( )
Tooth 1
Tooth 2
Tooth 3
Tooth 4
Tooth 5
Lemon Juice
2.10
1
2.37
2.68
1.80
2.22
1.05
2
2.37
2.67
1.79
2.21
1.04
3
2.35
2.65
1.78
2.20
1.03
4
2.33
2.63
1.75
2.18
1.01
5
2.29
2.60
1.72
2.14
0.98
Coke
2.30
1
1.82
2.33
2.06
1.80
2.46
2
1.81
2.32
2.06
1.80
2.44
3
1.79
2.30
2.04
1.78
2.43
4
1.75
2.28
2.01
1.76
2.41
5
1.75
2.26
1.98
1.74
2.39
Coffee
4.95
1
1.55
1.74
2.34
2.26
1.37
2
1.55
1.73
2.33
2.26
1.36
3
1.54
1.73
2.32
2.25
1.36
4
1.52
1.71
2.31
2.25
1.35
5
1.50
1.69
2.29
2.24
1.33
100 Plus
3.78
1
2.67
2.64
2.75
1.30
2.14
2
2.66
2.63
2.75
1.30
2.12
3
2.64
2.61
2.73
1.28
2.10
4
2.62
2.60
2.71
1.25
2.08
5
2.60
2.58
2.69
1.23
2.06
Sugar Solution
7.00
1
1.37
1.46
2.06
1.47
2.33
2
1.37
1.45
2.04
1.46
2.32
3
1.35
1.45
2.03
1.44
2.30
4
1.34
1.44
2.01
1.43
2.29
5
1.33
1.43
2.00
1.42
2.28
Tap Water
7.00
1
2.65
2.43
2.86
1.43
2.63
2
2.65
2.43
2.86
1.43
2.63
3
2.65
2.43
2.86
1.43
2.62
4
2.64
2.43
2.85
1.43
2.62
5
2.63
2.42
2.84
1.43
2.61
The tabular array shows the mass of the dentitions throughout the experiment.
6.2 Qualitative Data
Type of Drinks
Calendar month
Coloring material
Contour
Mass
Lemon Juice
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow
Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel
Little lessening
4
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Coke
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
4
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Coffee
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow brown
Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel
Little lessening
4
Brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
100 Plus
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
3
Yellow
Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel
Little lessening
4
Yellow
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Sugar Solution
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
3
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
4
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Significant lessening
5
Yellow brown
Erosion noted
Consistent lessening
Tap Water
1
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
2
No alteration
No alteration
No alteration
3
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
4
No alteration
No alteration
Little lessening
5
Yellow
No alteration
Little lessening
The tabular array shows the observations obtained throughout the experiment. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
7.0 Data Processing & A ; Analysis
7.1 Datas Processing
7.1.1 Calculation for the difference in mass of the dentition.
Formula:
Difference in mass =Mass in month 1- Mass in month 5
Example,
The 5th month ( lemon juice ) , tooth 1:
Difference =
=
*Same computation applied to others.
Type of Drinks
Difference in mass/mg ( )
Tooth 1
Tooth 2
Tooth 3
Tooth 4
Tooth 5
Lemon Juice
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
Coke
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.07
Coffee
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.04
100 Plus
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
Sugar solution
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.05
Tap H2O
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02
The tabular array shows the difference in mass of each tooth throughout the 5 months for each drink.
7.1.2 Calculation for the uncertainnesss of difference in mass
Formula:
Uncertainty of the initial mass + uncertainness of the concluding mass
Example,
Therefore, difference in mass for tooth 1 in lemon juice:
Difference =
*Same computation applied to others.
7.1.3 Calculation for the mean difference.
Formula:
Example,
For lemon juice:
*Same computation applied to others.
Type of Drinks
Average difference in mass/mg
Lemon juice
0.08
Coke
0.07
Coffee
0.05
100 Plus
0.07
Sugar solution
0.05
Tap H2O
0.01
The tabular array shows the mean difference in mass of the dentitions in each drink.
7.1.4 Calculations for the Standard divergence of the mean difference in mass.
Due to the complexness of the computation, the standard divergence is calculated by utilizing the Graphic Display Calculator ( GDC ) .
Stairss:
Press the STAT button.
Press the ENTER button.
List the informations ( the norm difference in mass of the 5 dentitions per solution ) in one of the column.
Press the STAT button.
Press & gt ; button so that the CALC image on the screen is highlighted.
Press the ENTER button.
Beside the 1 – Volt-ampere Stats words on the screen, type the 2ND button and the name of the column that contains the information ( name of the column used in measure 3 ) .
Press the ENTER button.
The standard divergence is equal to.
The above stairss are repeated to cipher the standard divergence for the dentition in the remainder of the drinks.
Example,
For lemon juice,
Key in the difference in mass of the 5 dentitions in the 1st column.
Based on the stairss above, the GDC automatically calculated the standard divergence, which is, .
*Same computation applied to others.
Type of Drinks
Average Difference in Mass/mgStandard Deviation
Lemon juice
0.080.004
Coke
0.070.007
Coffee
0.050.007
100 Plus
0.070.008
Sugar Solution
0.050.011
Tap H2O
0.010.009
The tabular array shows the mean difference in mass of the dentition with the standard divergence. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
7.1.5 Calculation of the rate of reaction between the dentitions and the drinks.
Formula:
Calculations:
Lemon Juice
Rate of Reaction =
=
Coke
Rate of Reaction =
=
Coffee
Rate of Reaction =
=
100 Plus
Rate of Reaction =
=
Sugar Solution
Rate of Reaction =
=
Tap Water
Rate of Reaction =
=
7.1.6 Calculation for the standard mistake of the rate of reaction.
Formula:
Where,
= uncertainness of the mass
= rate of reaction
Examples:
Lemon juice
Coke
Coffee
100 Plus
Sugar Solution
Tap Water
Type of Drinks
pH Value
Duration of Experiment/ months
Average Difference in Mass/ milligram
Rate of Reaction/ mg/day
Lemon juice
2.10
5
0.080.004
Coke
2.30
5
0.070.007
Coffee
4.95
5
0.050.007
100 Plus
3.78
5
0.070.008
Sugar solution
7.00
5
0.050.011
Tap H2O
7.00
5
0.010.009
The tabular array shows the sum-up of the computations in the experiment.
7.2 Data Presentation
7.3 Statistical Analysis
7.3.1 T-test lemon juice and sugar solution.
1st Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
2.024
1.738
Discrepancy
0.39683
0.18467
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.933627334
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.286
df
4
T Stat
2.38114E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is non important. This is because all the dentitions used in this experiment have an mean mass ab initio.
7.3.2 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
2nd Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
2.016
1.728
Discrepancy
0.39858
0.18127
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.938299713
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.288
df
4
T Stat
0
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 2nd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 2nd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 2nd month is non important. This is because there are still non much corrosion happened on all the dentition.
7.3.3 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
3rd Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
2.002
1.714
Discrepancy
0.39357
0.18013
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.931180389
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.288
df
4
T Stat
4.80088E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important because there are still non much corrosion happened on all the dentition.
7.3.4 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
4th Calendar month:
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
1.98
1.702
Discrepancy
0.3947
0.17857
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.934709092
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.278
df
4
T Stat
-1.20022E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 4th month is non important because the dentitions in the lemon juice corrode about at the same rate as the dentition in the sugar solution, hence there wo n’t be much difference in the mean much of the dentition.
7.3.5 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
1.946
1.692
Discrepancy
0.39198
0.17857
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.931955605
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.254
df
4
T Stat
2.40708E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the fifth month is non important as good because the rate of corrosion of the dentition in both solution are about similar.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
1.98
1.702
Discrepancy
0.3947
0.17857
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.934709092
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.278
df
4
T Stat
-1.20022E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 4th month is non important because the dentitions in the lemon juice corrode about at the same rate as the dentition in the sugar solution, hence there wo n’t be much difference in the mean much of the dentition.
7.3.5 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
A
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean
1.946
1.692
Discrepancy
0.39198
0.17857
Observations
5
5
Pearson Correlation
-0.931955605
Hypothesized Average Difference
0.254
df
4
T Stat
2.40708E-16
P ( T & lt ; =t ) one-tail
0.5
t Critical one-tail
2.131846786
P ( T & lt ; =t ) two-tail
1
t Critical two-tail
2.776445105
A
To make a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed:
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is non important.
The difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 3rd month is important.
From the consequence of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Therefore, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the mean mass of the dentitions in lemon juice and sugar solution for the fifth month is non important as good because the rate of corrosion of the dentition in both solution are about similar.Damaging Effects Of Acid Erosion Tooth Decay Essay.
