Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay
Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosis of men in Canada. In 2012, approximately 26,500 men in Canada were diagnosed with prostate cancer and approximately 4,000 died from the disease <1>. Prostate cancer is strongly influenced by androgenic steroids <2>. In advanced stage prostate cancer patients are typically treated using androgen deprivation therapy. <2>. Androgen therapy is not curative and may only improve patient’s symptoms and may even reduce metastatic lesions <2>. The benefit seen in androgen deprivation is often reduced over years of androgen therapy as the tumour will continue to grow despite low androgen levels. When this occurs the tumour is known to be “castration resistant” and is known to lead to prostate cancer- related mortality <2>. Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay.Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) may present as either a continuous rise in serum prostate- specific antigen levels (PSA), progression of pre-existing disease, or appearance of new metastases <3>.
Many endocrine based therapies have been evaluated for CRPC with minimal success in prolonging patient survival <4>. Systemic nonhormonal therapies using docetaxel, carbaztaxel, and active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T have been shown to prolong survival <4>. A new drug abiraterone (Zytiga) has shown to improve survival and lower PSA levels in patients with CRPC. This article is to be used by health professionals to gain a thorough understanding of abiraterone’s indication, mechanism of action, side effects, dosage, clinical evidence, monitoring parameters, and contraindications.
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Indication
According to the product monograph for abiraterone the drug is “indicated with prednisone for the treatment of CRPC in patients who have received prior chemotherapy containing docetaxel”<5>.
Mechanism of Action
Abiraterone is formulated as a prodrug, abiraterone acetate, which is converted to abiraterone by the body and acts as a selective inhibitor of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) <4>. CYP17 is responsible for androgen biosynthesis in testicular, adrenal and prostatic tumor tissues <5>. Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. As illustrated in Figure 1, CYP17 catalyzes the conversion of pregnolone and progesterone into testosterone precursors, DHEA and androstenedione <5>. The reduction in androgen production is beneficial for androgen-sensitive prostatic carcinoma.
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Figure 1. Abiraterone’s mechanism of action in androgen synthesis <6>
Side Effects
The most common side effects of abiraterone are caused by the mechanism of the drug on CYP17. As seen in Figure 2, inhibition of CYP17 causes on increase in the production of mineralocorticoids, which lead to hypokalemia, fluid retention, and hypertension <4>. Other common side effects of abiraterone include myopathy, joint pain, abnormal liver function, hot flashes, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, bone fractures and cough <5>. http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/28/9/1481/F4.large.jpg
Figure 2. Effects of abiraterone on mineralocorticoid production <7>.
Dosage and Administration
The recommended dosage of abiraterone is 1000 milligrams daily as a single dose <4>. The tablets need to be swallowed whole and the dose should be taken on an empty stomach <5>. To reduce the mineralocorticoid effects of abiraterone the patient should also use a low dose prednisone. The recommended dose or prednisone is 10 mg daily <5>.
Clinical Trials Evaluating Abiraterone
The effectiveness of abiraterone in CRPC has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. In 2009, a study Attard et al., using forty-two chemotherapy-naïve patients with CRPC received 1000 mg abiraterone <8>. At follow up (median 505 days) a decline in PSA of ≥ 50% of was observed in 67% of patients, with declines of ≥ 90% in 19% of patients <8>.
A 2010 study by Danila et al., of fifty-eight men with CRPC previously on docetaxel received abiraterone 1000 mg daily with 5 mg of prednisone <9>. Results of study illustrated that 36 % of patients had a PSA decline of ≥ 50% <9>.
In 2011, De Bono et al. conducted a study including 1195 patients who had previously received docetaxel <4>. Groups were assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 5 mg of prednisone twice daily with either 1000 mg of abiraterone or placebo <4>. The primary end point of the study was overall survival <4>.Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. The secondary endpoints of the study were time to prostate-specific antigen progression, progression-free survival according to radiological findings based on specified criteria, and PSA response rate <4>. At a median 12.8 month follow-up overall survival was significantly longer in the abiraterone group compared to the placebo (14.8 months vs. 10.9 months, p<0.001) <4>. The secondary end points all favoured the treatment group; time to PSA progression (10.2 vs. 6.6 months; p<0.001), progression-free survival (5.6 months vs. 3.6 months; p<0.001), and PSA response rate (29% vs. 6%, p<0.001) <4>.
The studies using abiraterone in CRPC illustrate that the drug provides a moderate improvement in cancer progression and improves survival in patients.
Monitoring Parameters
Health professionals should place on emphasis of monitoring patients using abiraterone. Before treatment hypokalemia and hypertension must be normalized in patients who are scheduled to use the drug <5>.
It is important to routinely monitoring a patient’s blood pressure while they are on this product. Potassium levels should be checked at baseline and regularly to prevent hypokalemia in patients. Patients should also be checked for signs of fluid retention, such as peripheral edema. Liver function tests (ALT, AST, and bilirubin) should be measured prior to initiating abiraterone treatment and continued every two weeks for the first three months of treatment and monthly afterwards <5>. Patients should routinely be assessed for other common side effects, including joint pain and urinary tract infections.
Conclusion
CRPC is a very advanced stage of prostate cancer that is fatal. Abiraterone (Zytiga) has been shown to prolong survival and lower PSA in men with CRPC. The drug works by selectively inhibiting CYP17 and lowering the production of testosterone via upstream inhibition of precursors in prostate, adrenal, testicular tissues. The selective inhibition of CYP17 leads to a large increase in mineralocorticoid activity in the body leading to hypertension, edema, and hypokalemia. The excess mineralocorticoid activity is typically diminished by administering 10 mg of prednisone daily with abiraterone.Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. It is important to note that abiraterone is indicated as a second line therapy for patients who have failed treatment with docetaxel. While on abiraterone patients need to be monitored for hepatic function, hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema.
Abiraterone acetate (Zytiga(®)) is an orally administered, selective inhibitor of the 17α-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase enzymatic activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 17. CYP17 is required for androgen biosynthesis, with androgen receptor signalling crucial in the progression from primary to metastatic prostate cancer. Abiraterone acetate is approved in the European Union and the US, in combination with prednisone or prednisolone, for the treatment of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). When administered in combination with prednisone in a placebo-controlled, multinational phase III study, abiraterone acetate significantly prolonged overall survival and radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) in men with metastatic CRPC who had previously received docetaxel. In men with metastatic CRPC who had not previously received chemotherapy participating in a placebo-controlled, multinational phase III study, there was a strong trend towards an overall survival benefit, a significant prolongation in rPFS and significant delays in clinical decline, the need for chemotherapy and the onset of pain observed. Given the nature of the therapy, the overall tolerability profile of abiraterone acetate, in combination with prednisone, was acceptable in men with metastatic CRPC. Abiraterone acetate is associated with hypokalaemia, hypertension, and fluid retention or oedema, secondary to its mechanism of action, and with cardiac adverse events and hepatotoxicity; however, in the phase III studies the incidences of the most frequently reported grade 3 or 4 adverse events of special interest were relatively low. Although the final overall survival data in men with metastatic CRPC who have not previously received chemotherapy are awaited, current evidence indicates that abiraterone acetate is a useful option for the treatment of metastatic CRPC.
To analyze the drug adherence rates and overall survival for in patients treated with arbiraterone acetate (AA) for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay.
Methods
The database of the largest insurance company in Austria (Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse) was analyzed. Data on all CRPC patients with at least one prescription of AA between November 2011 and December 2014 in the postchemotherapy setting were collated and compared to the Austrian death and hospital admission statistics. Drug adherence was estimated by the medication possession ratio (MPR).
Results
Data of 270 patients (mean age 73.5 ± 8.9 years) were analyzed. The mean duration of AA treatment was 9.8 months (range 1–38 months). The duration of AA treatment was as follows: 0–2 months 53 patients (19.6 %), 3–5 months 73 patients (28.1 %), 6–10 months 67 patients (24.8 %) and >10 months 97 patients (35.9 %). The median MPR was 100 % and in 241 (89.2 %) the MPR exceeded ≥80 %. The median overall survival (OS) was 11 months. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 6 month OS was 61 %, 12 month OS 43 %, 18 month OS 35 % and >24 month OS 24 %. The OS was strongly correlated to patient age and the duration of AA treatment. Of all 270 patients, only 19 (7 %) were not hospitalized during their remaining life span and 71 (26.2 %) spent more than 50% of their remaining life span in hospital care.
Conclusion
The OS was shorter than in phase III trials and strongly correlated to patient age and the duration of AA treatment. The high mortality rate within the first 6 months of AA treatment in this real-life setting suggests a less stringent patient selection than in a phase III trial.
In the past 15 years oral anticancer medications have become more widely available for the treatment of a variety of cancers and have increasingly been used as an alternative to intravenous (iv) therapy. This trend is also demonstrable in the management of advanced prostate cancer (PC). The introduction of the oral drugs abiraterone acetate (AA) and enzalutamide [1] has revolutionized the management of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The availability of oral anticancer drugs aligns with the preferences of cancer patients and may help to improve patient quality of life and reduce the time spent in healthcare settings; however, the availability of oral drugs induces the issue of drug compliance or adherence [2, 3]. Both terms define the extent to which patients take medications as prescribed by their healthcare providers. Without adequate adherence, the efficacy of oral drugs might fall below of those administered intravenously. Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. The second threat of an oral drug, particularly if well tolerated such as AA and enzalutamide, is that these drugs might be prescribed too liberally.
Prompted by the paucity of data of both aspects we investigated these issues by analyzing the database of the largest public health insurance in Austria (Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse, WGKK). This database was compared to the Austria death statistics and hospital admission registry. For decades Austria has had a public healthcare system with compulsory state insurance. The high prevalence of CRPC as well as the cost of these drugs further emphasize the economic impact of drug adherence and prescription pattern.
The aim of this study was to evaluate (i) adherence patterns for AA and concomitant prednisone in patients with CRPC in Austria, (ii) the overall survival of CRPC receiving AA in a real-life setting and (iii) hospital admission rates in this cohort by using a large administrative healthcare database.
Material and methods
After receiving institutional board approval from our hospital the prescription database of the largest public insurance company in Austria the WGKK was reviewed. Data from all patients with at least one prescription of AA from November 2011 to December 2014 were extracted, where AA [1] is typically prescribed at 1000 mg daily taken orally with 10 mg oral prednisone. The following data were extracted from this database: age, data of the first AA prescription, number of AA prescriptions, number of hospital admissions and duration of hospital admissions. This database was matched to the Austria death and hospital admission statistics.
Adherence [2, 3] was calculated using the medication possession ratio (MPR), which is the sum of all days of AA supplied within a given period, divided by the total number of days in that period. There is no consensus standard for what constitutes adequate adherence. Some trials consider rates of greater than 80 % to be acceptable [4, 5].
Statistical analyses
The SPSS 17.0 package for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis and all the values were expressed in terms of means ± SD for the efficacy analysis. Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. Survival time was calculated from the initiation of AA and the date of death. Patients alive were censored at the last known follow-up date. Overall survival (OS) rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results
Patient characteristics and AA prescription pattern
Data of 270 patients with CRPC with at least 1 prescription of AA were analyzed. The mean patient age was 73.5 ± 8.3 years (median 74 years). The age distribution was as follows: ≤60 years 19 patients (7.0 %), 61–70 years 82 patients (30.4 %), 71–80 years 105 patients (38.9 %) and >80 years 66 patients (24.4 %). The mean duration of AA treatment in all patients was 9.5 months (range 1–38 months). The duration of AA treatment was as follows: 0–2 months 53 (19.6 %), 3–5 months 73 (28.1 %), 6–10 months 67 (24.8 %) and >10 months 97 (35.9 %).
Drug adherence
The mean MPR was 94.8 ± 11.9 with a median value of 100 %. The mean MPR ranged from 40–100 %. The MPR was not dependent on patient age (Table 1). In the age group ≤70 years the mean MPR was 95.7 ± 12.1 as compared to 95 ± 10.7 in those older than 70 years. In 241 (89.3 %) patients the MPR was ≥80 % and the MPR was below the critical value of 80 % only in 29 (10.7 %) patients.
Table 1
Medication possession ratio
| Medication possession ratio | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mean | Median | |
| Total patients (n = 270) | 94.8 ± 11.9 | 100 |
| Age 46–60 (years, n = 19) | 94.9 ± 12.2 | 100 |
| Age 61–70 (years, n = 80) | 95.7 ± 12.1 | 100 |
| Age 71–80 (years, n = 105) | 95 ± 10.7 | 100 |
| Age 81–92 (years, n = 66) | 93.5 ± 13.6 | 100 |
Survival
The mean OS was 15.7 ± 1.1 months (median 11 months) with a range of 1–38 months (Fig. 1a). According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 6 month OS was 61 %, the 12 month OS 43 %, the 18 month OS 35 % and the 24 month OS 24 %. One quarter of patients survived longer than 2 years (Fig. 1a). Patient age had a profound impact on OS (Fig. 2). Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay.At 18 month follow-up, 42 % of the younger age cohort (median age 69.5 years) were still alive as compared to only 19 % in the elderly cohort (median age 83 years) (Fig. 2). It is worth noting that 35 % of all patients in the younger cohort experienced a survival of longer than 2 years. The median OS in the younger cohort was 17 months (mean 19.1 ± 1.4 months) as compared to only 5 months (mean 8.8 ± 1.0 months) in the elderly cohort. Fig. 3 presents the OS depending on the length of AA treatment and OS was also strongly dependent on the duration of AA treatment (Fig. 3).
a Overall survival of the total study cohort (n = 270). b Frequency distribution of the remaining life span spent in hospital care
Overall survival stratified by patient age
Overall survival stratified by duration of AA treatment
Hospital admissions
In Austria the vast majority of chemotherapies for CRPC are given on an outpatient basis in urological or oncological institutions. For reimbursement reasons, these patients are admitted on a day case basis and are included to the hospital admission statistics; therefore, we have deleted all admissions for 24 h or less from further analyses.
The mean length of hospital stay was 4.5 ± 4.8 days (median 2 days). The duration of the hospital admissions was as follows: 1–2 days 55.8 %, 3–4 days 13.4 %, 5–6 days 6.9 %, 6–8 days 7.3 %, 8–10 days 5.5 % and >10 days 11.1 %. The patients in this series spent a considerable time of their remaining life in hospital care. Of all 270 patients only 19 (7 %) were not hospitalized during their remaining life span. On the other end of the spectrum 71 (26.2 %) spent more than 50 % of their remaining life span in hospital care (Fig. 1b). Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay.
Discussion
The principal findings of this Austrian prescription database analysis were (i) high adherence to AA, (ii) high mortality within the first months of AA prescription, (iii) 24 % long-term survivors under AA and (iv) high rate of hospitalization in patients under AA.
Prior to discussion, several pros and cons of our approach need to be discussed. Strengths are: (i) the population-based character of this database. The WGKK is the biggest insurance company in Austria (8.4 million insured persons) and it has 1.2 million members in all socioeconomic classes, (ii) for decades Austria has had a public and equal access healthcare system with compulsory state health insurance company and (iii) long follow-up and complete survival data due to matching with the Austrian death statistics. The main limitation is the lack of any clinical information (e.g. indications, previous chemotherapy, staging and reason for drug discontinuation). Finally, the data on hospital admissions have to be interpreted in the context of the Austrian healthcare system.
Cancer treatment is evolving. Chronic oral administration transfers responsibility from the practitioner to the patient, making adherence an important parameter in reducing the risk of treatment failure. Adherence to medical treatment is a complex and multifaceted issue that can substantially alter the outcome of therapy [6–10].
Outside randomized controlled trials (RCT) few studies have reported on the adherence to AA. Smith et al. [4] analyzed pharmacy claims of the Canadian Saskatchewan Cancer Agency. All patients with at least one AA prescription were eligible and a total of 86 patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Optimal drug adherence was achieved in 82.6 % of patients with 79.1 % reaching a MPR of at least 90 %. At 6 months the mean MPR was 89.6 % (median 100 %) and after 12 months 86.6 % (median 99.5 %). Lafeuille et al. [5] studied this issue by analyzing two large-scale US administrative healthcare claims databases. The mean age of the patients was 72.2 years and the mean MPR was 93 % (median 98 %). The mean MPR in our series was 94.8 ± 11.9 (median 100 %) with no relevant impact of patient age in contrary to the study by Grundmark et al. [6].Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. Taken together, these two studies with a substantial number of analyzed patients indicate that the adherence to AA in a real-life setting is satisfactory with median values exceeding 95 %.
In contrast to the prescription database studies described previously, this current one is unique with respect to the availability of survival data. There is a major concern that survival data generated by RCT or registries do not reflect the real life setting [11–16]. It has been previously shown that eligibility to a chemotherapy protocol represents per se a good prognostic factor [17]. In the pivotal phase III trial of AA in the postchemotherapy setting de Bono et al. [18] reported on a median survival of 14.8 months as compared to 11 months in our series. The median age of our patients, however, was 6 years older compared to the de Bono et al. [18] trial. The maximum follow-up in our study was considerable longer (38 months) as compared to the pivotal phase III trial with 20 months. There are a considerable number of long-term survivors. In our series, 24 % of patients survived longer than 20 months and 37 % in the phase III trial. The early mortality rate, however, was substantially higher in our series. Within the first 6 months of AA treatment 39 % of our patients died as compared to only 15 % in the de Bono et al. phase III trial [18]. These data suggest that patient selection in real life is substantially less stringent than in a phase III trial. In our series, patient age had a relevant impact on overall survival. In patients aged 46–76 years the median survival was 17 months and thus longer than in the pivotal RCT as compared to only 5 months in those older than 76 years. Houede et al. [19] reported on the long-term outcome of the AA temporary authorization for use program in France: 306 patients with a median age of 63 years were analyzed. The overall survival in this cohort after initiation of AA was 14.6 months, almost identical to the RCT and longer than in our series. As expected, OS was correlated to the duration of AA treatment, a similar phenomenon was observed in our series (see Fig. 3).
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The third aspect of this study was the analysis of hospital admissions and length of hospitalization after initiation of AA. In our series, these patients spent a considerable time of their remaining life in hospital care. Only 7 % were not hospitalized and one quarter of patients (26.2 %) spent more than 50 % of their remaining life span in hospital care. These data have to be interpreted in the context of the Austrian healthcare system, where admission to hospital care is liberal and free of charge to the patient; furthermore, there is no incentive to discharge patients as early as possible. We could not identify a comparable analysis with CRPC patients under chemotherapy and second-line endocrine therapy in the literature.
According to Svensson et al. [20] patients were on average 2 years older than those in the RCT, which is partly in agreement with our study population, OS in Swedish patients was the same like de Bono et al. [18] (COU-AA-301 trial), in contrary to our results, and the researchers concluded that the treated population and treatment patterns, organization of healthcare, as well as country setting could contribute to differences in outcomes between the clinical trial and the real world treatment, which could be an explanation for our OS results in comparison to the randomized controlled trials.
Outcomes of treatment in clinical practice can differ from outcomes in RCT with regard to the estimated effectiveness and the estimated resource utilization.Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay. Discrepancies in patient and physician behavior between the trial and the real world may have an impact on outcome and treatment cost.
In clinical trials patients continued treatment until documented progression while the real world evidence study collected information on progression. There is much interest in confirming whether the efficacy of AA demonstrated within the trial setting is reproducible in routine clinical practice in a non-trial setting and many differences should be taken in consideration between both, such as the selection of patients and ethnic differences.
The OS in the study of Poon et al. [21] of chemotherapy-naive patients was 18.1 months and much shorter than that reported in the COU-AA-302 study (of 34.7 months) Ryan [16] and a higher proportion of elderly patients, which is in agreement with our study.
Limitations
The main limitation is the lack of any clinical information (e.g. indications, previous chemotherapy, staging and reason for drug discontinuation). Finally, the data on hospital admissions have to be interpreted in the context of the Austrian healthcare system where admission to hospital care is voluntary and free of charge to the patient; furthermore, there is no incentive to discharge patients as early as possible.
This Austrian prescription database allows some relevant insights into the outcome of patients treated with AA for CRPC in a real life setting. Drug adherence was satisfactory and OS was shorter as compared to the pivotal phase III trial. The high early mortality rate in our series suggests poor patient selection in real life. One quarter of patients experience long-term survival. The hospitalization rate within this cohort was substantial. Use Of Abiraterone In Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Essay.
