The Growing Pandemic of Type 2 Diabetes Essay

, ,

The Growing Pandemic of Type 2 Diabetes Essay

Type 2 diabetes has achieved pandemic proportions, affects some 300 million people worldwide. Type 2 diabetes results because insulin production is deficient compared to the demands of the body, which can be increased due to obesity or other factors. Its remarkable increase and earlier onset for the previous 100 hundred years show increased calorie intake, less physical work, and other lifestyle factors. Type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous and shows the interference of numerous disease processes. It is best considered as a syndrome rather than a disease. The Growing Pandemic of Type 2 Diabetes Essay.

Certain Measures used to overcome metabolic anomaly are diet and weight loss. , but malfunctioning of beta-cell is characteristically progressive, with a decline in insulin production and dependence.

A therapy used the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. L –cells of the gut wall secrete this hormone. This hormone is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase (DDP) 4. This enzyme is inhibited by GLP-1 based therapies to make GLP-1 available to the body. [1]

Prevalence in Pakistan

The current occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan is 11.

77%. In males, the prevalence is 11.20% and in females 9.19%. The average dominance in Sindh province is 16.2% in males and 11.70 % in females; in Punjab, province frequency is 12.14% in males and 9.83% in females. In Baluchistan province 13.3% in males, 8.9% in females; while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) it is 9.2% in males and 11.60% in females. In urban areas prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is 14.81% and 10.34% in rural areas of Pakistan. The rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus is higher in males than females. [2]

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

GLP1R Gene

The basic function of this gene is to encode a 7-transmembrane protein that acts as a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone, glucose-induced insulin secretion is stimulated by GLP-1 hormone.

The function of this receptor is at the cell surface, becomes internalized in response to GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs, and it is very important in signaling cascades which cause insulin secretion. Polymorphisms in this gene are related to diabetes. Multiple transcript variants of this gene are due to alternative splicing.

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 protein

Gastrointestinal peptide hormone is Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 which is secreted from three major tissues in humans, endocrine L cells in the distal intestine, α cells in the pancreas, and the central nervous system. This hormone plays a vital role in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The therapeutic effects of GLP-1 include most prominently a glucose-dependent insulinotropic function and other actions on glucose homeostasis. GLP-1 is also beneficial in gastric emptying and appetite regulation valuable in reducing food intake and body weight. The Growing Pandemic of Type 2 Diabetes Essay. This hormone binds with class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), namely, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), and activates it.[4]

Mutation in GLP-1

A significant negative impact on GLP-1–binding affinity and potency due to point substitution of Phe28, Ile29, and Leu32 residues into Ala is observed. The effect of substitution on the binding affinity (GLP-1 radioligand competition IC50) and potency (cAMP activity EC50) was much affected due to substitution of, Phe28 (1300/1000-fold decrease in affinity/potency) and Ile29 (93/27-fold reduction) compared with Leu32 (17/twofold decrease), thus indicating that interactions of Phe28 and Ile29 with the conserved hydrophobic core of the ECD of GLP-1R are predominantly important. The substitution of Ala24 by Arg is missense (the corresponding residue in glucagon) as it does not affect GLP-1 affinity, whereas Val33Ala (glucagon mimicking) and Ala30Gln mutations only had a minor effect on GLP-1 affinity. So it is observed that the polar interactions of Ala24 and Val33 with the ECD of GLP-1R are not necessary for GLP-1R binding and suggest that GLP-1 residues at positions 24 (Ala/Arg) and 30 (Ala/Gln) are not key determinants of GLP-1R/GCGR selectivity. [3] The Growing Pandemic of Type 2 Diabetes Essay.

Type 1 diabetes is a growing pandemic in our world today, and is being diagnosed at a higher rate with each coming year. Diabetes prevention and education must be a top priority for countries such as the United States, so that this alarming trend of increased diagnosis can be brought to a halt. The United States has one of the best education systems in the world, however does not put a focus on diabetes education for those at risk. Diabetes is a growing pandemic in the United States and the world, and step must be taken to stop this disease from growing at the rates that it currently is. The topic of the papers research is to provide in depth analysis of the spread of diabetes, as well as find ways that the spread of this disease can be slowed, and perhaps stopped, leading to a healthier world. Diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which problems with insulin production and high blood sugar are seen. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows the body to process the sugar in the blood from the breakdown of carbohydrates that the body ingests (Leelarathna). There are three different types of diabetes, which most are not aware of. The most common form of diabetes, which is often the focus of education, is Type Two diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to the insulin that is being produced by the pancreas and blood sugar levels rise. This type of diabetes has a very gradual onset, and is often seen in people who are over weight and.The Growing Pandemic of Type 2 Diabetes Essay.