A 22-year-old presents with vaginal discharge, characteristic of green, frothy, odorous upon exam. The diagnosis is Trichomonas Vaginosis.

Discuss the pathogen and it’s proliferation.
Discuss male partner treatment. How does metronidazole target the urethral canal?
Co-infections are common with STIs. What is the pathogenesis of Chlamydia Infection?

MSN570 Week 5 Case Studies

A two-year-old presents for a well child exam. It is determined the child has undescended testes.

Cryptorchidism occurs in 3% of term infants. Discuss this condition.
Is this condition congenital? Why or why not?

Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years

Case Study Part 2: Endocrine System/ Reproductive

The case is that of a 22 year-old female who presents with vaginal discharge that is green, frothy, and smelly. She is diagnosed with Trichomonas vaginosis. To arrive at this diagnosis, careful gathering of subjective and objective data must happen (Ball et al., 2019). The discussion below is about the pathogen and the treatment of the condition. Endocrine System and Reproductive Essay Paper

The Pathogen and Its Proliferation

The microorganism that causes trichomoniasis is known as Trichomonas vaginalis. It is a parasitic protozoan made up of one cell that is transmitted during sexual intercourse. The transmission occurs in vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections or STIs (Hammer & McPhee, 2018; Huether & McCance, 2017; Jameson et al., 2018). The only known biological host for T. vaginalis is humans. The microbe forms no cyst and reproduces by the process of binary fission. This means that it divides into two and then four and so on.

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Male Partner Treatment

When a female is infected with trichomoniasis, they will have the characteristic colored and smelly vaginal discharge. Usually, males do not have any symptoms even though they can pass on the infection. For this reason, when a female is treated for the condition they are usually asked to bring their partner for treatment. Thus the male partner is usually treated regardless of the fact that they do not have any symptoms. Endocrine System and Reproductive Essay Paper

Treatment of T. vaginalis is managed by the antibiotic metronidazole. This antibiotic targets the urethral canal by the fact that it usually achieves high levels of concentrations both centrally and peripherally (Katzung, 2018; Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018). It has however to be taken properly lest one gets under-treatment and develops resistance (Bashir & Gray, 2017). The most effective dosing is usually a single large dose of the antibiotic prescribed by a qualified clinician.

Case 2: Cryptorchidism

This is the case of a well child who is two years old and brought for routine check-up and examination. The ensuing examination of the male child reveals that he has undescended testes. This is called cryptorchidism and it occurs in about three out of every ten male children born at term. It is therefore a rare condition in term babies but commonly occurs in those that are born before term. Under normal circumstances, the testicle usually moves on its own by descending not the scrotal sac in a few months. If this does not happen, surgery can be performed to correct the cryptorchidism.

The condition of undescended testes in male children (cryptorchidism) is the most common congenital abnormality involving the genitourinary tract. It is congenital because it is a condition that a child is born with. Congenital abnormalities are present at birth and may be a pointer to more serious problems or not. This is why it is paramount that clinicians and nurses carry out meticulous history taking and physical examination of newborn babies in order not to miss cryptorchidism (Ball et al., 2019). Although the commonest congenital condition affecting the genitourinary tract, cryptorchidism is not something to worry about much since it usually resoles itself and of not can be corrected easily by surgery.

References

Ball, J., Dains, J.E., Flynn, J.A., Solomon, B.S., & Stewart, R.W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach, 9^th ed. Elsevier.

Bashir, A., & Gray, J. (2017). Fight antibiotic resistance – it’s in your hands to improve antibiotic stewardship. Journal of Hospital Infection, 95(4), 361–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.018

Hammer, D.G., & McPhee, S.J. (Eds). (2018). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine, 8^th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.

Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology, 6^th ed. Elsevier, Inc.

Jameson, J.L., Fauci, A.S., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L., & Loscalzo, J. (Eds) (2018). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 20^th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.

Katzung, B.G. (Ed) (2018). Basic and clinical pharmacology, 14^th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.

Rosenthal, L.D., & Burchum, J.R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. Elsevier.

Endocrine System and Reproductive Essay Paper