Child Psychological Development In Social Environment Discussion Paper

Psychosocial Development

Naturally, Children develop swiftly from birth to five years, after which they grow to individuals who can solve problems, speak and think. The age between 2 to 5 years is known as a preschool year. Typically, at this age, a child changes from a toddler into an active explorer of the world around them. Moreover, children develop in the following primary areas: physical, cognitive, emotional, language, sensory and motor development. At the age of two a child can say at least 30 to 50 words, and by the age of five, they can tell stories.

Caregivers and parents usually get worried when they see their children ahead in one area but behind in others. It is normal for such cases to occur because each child is unique and grows at his or her stride. It is vital to understand these stages so as to provide appropriate learning activists and opportunities according to a child’s needs. Referring to Julie’s case the paper seeks to explore an essential aspect of psychosocial development that occurs at the age of two and five, and the influences of this development.  Child Psychological Development In Social Environment Discussion Paper

Psychosocial development refers to a child’s psychological development in a social environment. Naturally, it involves both social and mental aspect of human development (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 2015). Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development argues that social experience might have a positive or negative impact on the development of a child. For instance, if a stage is managed well a child will have a sense of mastery, but if it is handled inappropriately, a child will have a crisis in the future. At the age of two children gain control over their motor abilities which enables them to explore the world around them (Ball, 2014). According to Erikson’s theory, toilet training is critical because learning how to control one’s body makes one feel a sense of independence and control.

Typically, the push towards autonomy is related to maturation. Parents need to be careful at this stage to strike a proper balance which will facilitate successful completion of developmental stages (Crain, 2015). It is critical to encourage a child to interact with others as he or she will feel secure about leading others and making decisions.  Parents play a crucial role in the development of their children as they are not only caretakers, but they are influential in the development of their child’s physical, emotional, cognitive and social well-being. Recent studies have shown that parents set the basis for children’s developmental values and skills (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Knafo?Noam, 2015). However, parenting comes with tribulations and trials; therefore, caregivers need to understand the importance of providing eminence time to their children.

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Erikson’s Theory Of Psychosocial Development

According to Erikson personality develops in a series of stages and social experience might have a negative or positive impact across the whole lifespan. Autonomy vs. Shame is the second psychosocial stages that occur between 18 months and three years. At this stage, children gain control over their motor abilities and eliminative functioning which make it easy for them to explore the world around them. Toilet training is critical process at this stage as learning how to control one’s body makes one feel a sense of independence and control (Garg, Toy, Tripodis, Silverstein, & Freeman, 2015). Children who effectively complete this stage feel confident and secure while those who fail to achieve independence develops a feeling of incompetence and worthlessness.

Initiative vs. Guilt is the third stage that occurs in 3 to 6 years. At this age children are learning to understand the world around them, learning the principle of physics and necessary skills. For example, they will speak with ease and realize that things fall down and not up. Moreover, children at this age are faced with the intricacy of developing and planning their activities. Therefore, they take the initiative and prepare for goal achievement and leadership roles. However, the actions children take may not produce the desired result. Thus, they will feel guilty, and they may develop aggressive behaviors such as yelling and throwing objects.

Parenting style has a significant impact on the psychosocial development of children. There are four types of parenting styles authoritarian, neglectful, indulgent, and authoritative. Recent studies have shown that authoritative parenting style is the best as parents encourage independence, but with boundaries and limits (Huang, Peters, Vaughn, & Witko, 2014). In the case of Julie who is two years and two months old, her mother Victoria is applying indulgence type of parenting because she is an attentive parent and spend more time with her child. Child Psychological Development In Social Environment Discussion Paper Indulgence parenting style is characterized by few constraints and rules (Kearney, & Fulbrook, 2014). Children who are brought up by such parent are creative, but they will have little self-control. Julie’s delay in toilet training might be as a result of the parenting style. Past studies have shown that at the age of 2 children can recognize the urge to defecate or urinate.

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However, each child is unique, and he or she develops at his or her own pace. Therefore, Julie’s mother needs to understand the importance of not rushing the process of toilet training. Also, physical development has a significant influence on psychosocial development. For example, successfully completion of toilet training depends on both emotional, cognitive and physical readiness. At the age of two children have developed motor ability to walk and they understand themselves (McMurtry et al., 2015). Relating to Julie’s case, she can communicate her needs. Physical development will enable a child to take the initiative and to have self-control.

Factors Influencing Psychosocial Development

Understanding human developmental stages as a nurse or midwifery is essential as one will have a deeper understanding of developmental milestones, therefore, he or she will be able to guide a parent on the needs of a child in different stages. Also, a nurse will be in a position to provide insight to a parent on the importance of developing a bond with their children. According to Petrina, Carter, & Stephenson, (2015) spending time with your child is healthy as it will advance their language skills and open them to new concepts. Furthermore, nurses will be in a position to give an understanding to parents about behavior variation during this year of rapid change (Weitzman, & Wegner, 2015). For, example nightmare and thumb sucking are common issues in developing children. Understanding behavior variation as a nurse is essential as it will enable me to provide an understanding of this changes to the parents which will help them to get out of stressful moments and be patients with their children. Also, it will enable me as a nurse to explain to the parents that the first experience children have with their parents significantly affect cognitive, physical, social and emotional development.

Conclusion

Naturally, Children develop swiftly from birth to five years, after which they grow to individuals who can solve problems, speak and think. Caregivers and parents usually get worried when they see their children ahead in one area but behind in others. It is normal for such cases to occur because each child is unique and grows at his or her own stride. It is vital to understand this stage so as to provide appropriate learning activists and opportunities according to a child’s needs. Furthermore, some factors can affect healthy development such as poor parenting style.

Reference

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press.

Ball, H. L. (2014). Reframing what we tell parents about normal infant sleep and how we support them. Breastfeeding Review, 22(3), 11.

Crain, W. (2015). Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications: Concepts and Applications. Psychology Press.

Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Knafo?Noam, A. (2015). Prosocial development. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, 1-47.

Garg, A., Toy, S., Tripodis, Y., Silverstein, M., & Freeman, E. (2015). Addressing social determinants of health at well child care visits: a cluster RCT. Pediatrics, peds-2014.

Huang, J., Peters, K. E., Vaughn, M. G., & Witko, C. (2014). Breastfeeding and trajectories of children’s cognitive development. Developmental science, 17(3), 452-461.

Kearney, L., & Fulbrook, P. (2014). The first 18 months: Parental choices regarding their infant’s health care needs. Neonatal, Paediatric & Child Health Nursing, 17(3), 17.

McMurtry, C. M., Riddell, R. P., Taddio, A., Racine, N., Asmundson, G. J., Noel, M., … & Shah, V. (2015). Far from “just a poke”: common painful needle procedures and the development of needle fear. The Clinical journal of pain, 31(Suppl 10), S3.

Petrina, N., Carter, M., & Stephenson, J. (2015). Parental perception of the importance of friendship and other outcome priorities in children with autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 30(1), 61-74.  Child Psychological Development In Social Environment Discussion Paper