Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay

This survey made usage of the 2008 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey kids information. Harmonizing to the survey study, informations on immunisation were collected from inoculation cards and in instances where these were non available or a inoculation was non recorded on the card, the female parent ‘s callback of inoculation was accepted. During the 2008 study, a sum of 33,385 adult females aged 15-49 were interviewed and 24,358 under-5 kids were recorded for the adult females.
Study Population:
The survey population for this survey comprised 4,278 life kids ( aged 12-23 months ) delivered by 4,278 adult females aged 15-49 old ages in the 5 old ages predating the study. Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.
Sampling Design:
This survey is an analytical cross sectional utilizing secondary informations collected for DHS study 2008. The 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey ( NDHS 2008 ) is a nationally representative study in which information was collected from work forces and adult females.
One major aim of the study was to supply up-to-date information on the per centum of kid immunisation coverage in Nigeria.
Nigeria is divided into provinces ( 36 provinces ) . Each province is subdivided into local authorities countries ( LGAs ) , and each LGA has vicinities. During the 2006 Nigerian Population Census, each part was subdivided into nose count numbering countries ( EAs ) . The primary sampling unit ( PSU ) , referred to as a bunch for the 2008 NDHS is defined on the footing of EAs from the 2006 EA nose count frame. The study was designated utilizing a graded two-stage bunch design dwelling of 888 primary trying units that is 286 in the urban and 602 in the rural countries. 7864 families were selected in the 2nd sampling phase which gave a nationally representative chance sample. A representative sample of 36,800 families was selected for the 2008 NDHS study, with a minimal mark of 950 completed interviews per province. In each province, the Numberss of families were distributed among the urban and rural countries.
3.4. Data direction:
Data direction methods
Study selected variables associated with immunisation position of kids aged 12-23 months. Full kid immunisation ( dependent variable ) was derived from figure of births in the last five old ages. Thereafter, kids less than age 12 months and kids greater than age 23 months were excluded. From this, the sample size was formed. For each of the vaccinums that needed to organize full immunisation, losing values that were coded 9 or 99 and those less than 1 per centum were dropped. Mothers that reported their kids had received all these vaccinums and kids whose vaccinums day of the month were recorded on card was coded 1 ” while kids who did non have full vaccinums were coded 0 ” .. By so making, I derived the result variable full immunisation ” . Some of the independent variables used were besides re categorized. The maternal instruction was ab initio categorized as no instruction, primary, secondary, higher. But re categorized and coded as no instruction 0 ” , primary 1 ” and secondary and higher as 2 ” . Religion variable was re coded by doing diehard and other faith as others while losing values were taken out of the variable. I merged classs Catholic and Christians as one, and Islam remained. The female parent ‘s age variable was rhenium coded into the 10 old ages group while topographic point of abode remain as urban and rural. Besides, the part variable remains as six parts. Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.The wealth position was re coded by uniting the poorest and the poorer into the hapless class 0 ” , the in-between category remains and was coded as 1 ” the rich and the richer were besides merged to organize the rich 2 ” . Birth order was rhenium coded into four classs which are 1 ” 0 ” , 2-3 ” 1 ” , 4-5 2 ” , and 6+ ” 3 ” . The business variable was A rhenium categorized and re coded into four classs viz. non working 0 ” , professional and director 1 ” , Clerical and services were put in a group as 2 ” while manual skilled /unskilled, gross revenues, agric employee were put into another group as 3 ” . The prenatal attention was originally a uninterrupted variable but it was categorized into three e.g. , no prenatal 0 , less than times visit 1 ” and 4 times and above visits 2 ” . The sex of the kid remains as male 1 ” and female 2 ” . Topographic point of bringing was re categorised and coded as wellness installation 1 ” and non wellness installation as 0 ” . Availability and handiness of wellness attention which was distance to wellness station remained as non a large job 0 ” and large job 1 ” .

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Statistical Package and Method of Analysis:
Stata version 12 was used for the analysis of the research work.
Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. All statistical trials were conducted utilizing a 5 % degree of significance.
For the first aim of the survey which is to gauge the degree of full immunisation coverage among 12-23 months old in Nigeria, the bivariate descriptive analysis method was used to supply the per centum distributions of full kid immunisation position by selected features of female parent, kid and wellness installation.
At the 2nd degree of analysis, the bivariate analytical method was employed to cognize the association between each of the independent variable with the dependant variable.
At the 3rd degree of analysis, binomial logistic arrested development was done to place the forecasters of full kid immunisation. Binomial logistic arrested development analysis was conducted because the result variable is binary. This helped to see the strength of the association between dependant ( full immunisation ) and independent variables.
The logistic arrested development equation used in this survey is:
Where = dependant variable ; = constant ; = Co-efficient ; = independent variables
3.6. Variables and Definition:
Variable
Definition & A ; Classs:
Dependent variable:
Full Childhood immunisation
Received all the basic vaccinums between aged 12-23 months of two ( a dosage of Bacille Calmette-Guerin ( BCG ) vaccinum, four doses of unwritten infantile paralysis, three doses of DPT, and one dosage of rubeolas vaccine. This was derieved by unifying all the variables on vaccinum for kids between 12-23 months old.
No ( 0 ) Yes ( 1 ) . Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.
Features of the kid ( Independent variables )
Sexual activity of kid
Birth order
Male ( 1 ) or Female ( 2 )
1 ( 0 ) , 2-3 ( 1 ) , 4-5 ( 2 ) , 6+ ( 3 )
Features of the female parent
Maternal Education
Highest educational degree.
No instruction ( 0 ) , Primary ( 1 ) . Secondary and higher ( 2 ) .
Wealth Index
Wealth position.
Poor ( 0 ) , Middle ( 1 ) , Rich ( 2 )
Residence
Urban ( 0 ) Rural ( 1 )
Region
North cardinal ( 1 ) , North east ( 2 ) , North west ( 3 ) , South east ( 4 ) , south West ( 5 ) , South- South ( 6 )
Religion
Christian ( 0 ) , Islam ( 1 ) , Others ( 2 )
Marital position
Current matrimonial position.
Never married ( 0 ) , Presently married ( 1 ) officially married ( 2 )
Age of female parent
Current Age in 10 twelvemonth groups.
15-24 ( 0 ) , 25-34 ( 1 ) , 35-44 ( 2 ) , 45+ ( 3 )
Occupation
Respondent employed/ non employed.
Not working ( 0 ) , Professional, proficient, director ( 1 ) , clerical and service ( 2 ) , gross revenues, agric-employee, skilled and unskilled manual ( 3 )
Access to wellness installation
Topographic point of bringing
Non wellness installation ( 0 ) , Health installation ( 1 )
Antenatal attention
Visited wellness installation for gestation 4 clip or above
No prenatal visit ( 0 ) less than 4 times ( 1 ) 4 times and above ( 2 )
Availability and handiness of wellness attention
Distance to wellness station
Large job ( 1 ) , Not a large job ( 0 )
Consequence
Introduction
This chapter presents findings of this survey under selected features of kid, female parent and entree to wellness installation in relation to full immunisation in Nigeria and the relationship between these variables and immunisation position.
4.2 Background features of the survey population.
This sub-section explains the background features of the 4520 kids that were eligible in this survey. Out of the 4520 kids, approximately 23 % had received full immunisation. The background features include ; sex of the kid, birth order, female parent ‘s age, matrimonial position of female parent, maternal instruction, abode, business, faith, part, wealth position, kid ‘s topographic point of bringing, distance to wellness installation and prenatal attention usage.
Table 1 shows the frequences and perA­centages of kids under aged 12-23 months that had received full immunisation in Nigeria harmonizing to topographic point of abode, female parent ‘s age, female parent ‘s degree of instruction, kid ‘s sex, birth order, wealth position, distance to wellness installation, topographic point of bringing, prenatal attention usage, faith, part, matrimonial position and business.
Table 1: Frequency and per centum distribution of kids aged 12-23 months that received full kid immunisation in Nigeria, 2008
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTHER
OUTCOME VARIABLE
Sum
Education
FULL IMMUNIZATION
N ( 4,520 )
NO ( 3,539 )
YES ( 981 )
No instruction
Primary
Secondary & A ; higher
59
21
20
16
26
58
2,248
1,009
1,263
100 %
100 %
4,520
Occupation
Not working
Professional, proficient, director
Clerical and service
34
2
3
22
8
8
1,478
119
167
Gross saless, agric employee, skilled and unskilled manual
61
63
2,756
100 %
100 %
4,520
3. RESIDENCE
Urban
22
44
1,219
Rural
78
56
3,301
100 %
100 %
4,520
4.AGE OF Mother
15-24
31
21
1,308
25-34
48
57
2,246
35-44
45+
18
3
20
2
845
121
100 %
100 %
4,520
5. MARITAL STATUS
Never married
2
3
91
Presently married
Once married
96
2
95
2
4,341
88
100 %
100 %
4,520
6. Religion
Christian
Muslimism
Others
33
65
2
74
25
1
1,904
2,467
75
100 %
100 %
4,520
7. WEALTH
Poor
Middle
Rich
59
19
22
21
19
60
2,300
850
1,370
100 %
100 %
4,278
8. Region
South west
North cardinal
North E
North west
South E
South South
9
15
27
34
6
9
24
22
10
7
18
19
541
759
1,042
1,272
385
321
100 %
100 %
4,520
CHARACTERSITICS OF THE CHILD
1. BIRTH ORDER
1
18
21
830
2-3
31
36
1,469
4-5
25
26
1,141
6+
26
17
1,080
2. Sexual activity
Male
50
48
2,278
Female
50
52
2,272
100 %
100 %
4,520
ACCESS TO HEALTH FACILITY
Topographic point OF DELIVERY
Non wellness installation
Health installation
78
22
35
65
3,105
1,415
100 %
100 %
4,520
2.ANTENATAL Care
No prenatal visit
Less than 4 times
4 times and above
55
12
33
14
10
76
1,904
516
1,925
100 %
100 %
4,278
3. AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE
Large job
44
28
1,832
Not a large job
56
72
2,688
100 %
100 %
4,278
4.3 Determinants of full kid immunisation
Binomial logistic arrested development was used to place the forecasters of full kid immunisation aged 12-23 months in Nigeria. Table II presents the consequences of the logistic arrested development analysis. With all forecasters included, 22 % of the kids overall had received full immunisation.
The tabular array besides shows that maternal instruction, business and female parent ‘s age, part, faith, wealth position, distance to wellness installation, topographic point of bringing, prenatal attention usage, were important forecasters of full kid immunisation in Nigeria.
The female parent ‘s degree of instruction had a important influence on the odds of the kid being to the full immunized. Children born to parents with primary instruction has 41 % higher odds of having full immunisation ( Adjusted odd ratio [ AOR=1.41, p-value=0.01, Confidence Interval ( C.I ) =1.09-1.82 ) than kids born to female parents with no instruction, while kids born to female parents with secondary and higher are 87 % times more likely to have full immunisation than kids of female parents with no instruction [ AOR=1.87, P-value=0.00, C.I=1.42-2.46 ] . Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.
The female parent ‘s age besides had a statistically important influence on the odds of the kid being to the full immunized. Children of female parents aged 45 and supra have 82 % higher odds [ AOR=1.82, p-value=0.05, C.I=0.99-3.35 ] compared to kids born to female parents aged 15-24.
Children of female parents who are professional and directors were 62 % [ AOR=1.62, p-value=0.03.C.I=1.04-2.54 ] more likely to have full immunisation compared to kids born to female parents that are non working.
In this survey, it was found that kid belong with the wealthiest families have improved inoculation results. Children born to the in-between category parents are 34 % high probably to have full immunisation compared to kids born to the hapless in Nigeria. And this attains statistical significance [ AOR=1.34 ; p value= 0.02 ; CI=1.05-1.71 ] . Children born to rich parents are 69 % high likely to be to the full vaccinated [ AOR=1.69, p-value=0.00, C.I=1.31-2.19 ] . Children from North-east part were 44 % [ AOR=0.56, P-value= 0.00, C.I=0.41-0.78 ] less likely to have full immunisation compared to kids from South west part of Nigeria. Besides kids in North-west part were 51 % [ AOR=0.49, P-value=0.00, C.I=0.34-0.69 ] less likely to be to the full immunized compared to kids in the South west part.
A strong grounds of association among Full immunisation and faith were shown in this survey. Children born to Islam parents have 46 % lower odds of having full immunisation compared to Christian kids [ AOR=0.54, P-value=0.00, C.I=0.43-0.68 ] .
Evidence of a strong statistical association was besides found among topographic point of bringing and Full immunisation. Consequence showed that kid born in wellness installations are about 76 % high probably of having full immunisation compares to those that are delivered at non wellness installations like place [ AOR=1.76, P-value=0.00, C.I=1.45-2.13 ] . Significant grounds of a strong association between prenatal attention and full immunisation was besides found. Children whose female parent attended antenatal less than four times have 109 % higher odds of having full immunisation compared to kids whose female parent did non go to any ANC. [ AOR=2.09, P-value=0.00, C.I=1.54-2.83 ] . In the same manner, kids born to female parents who attended ANC four times or more have 222 % higher odds of having full immunisation [ AOR=3.22, P-value=0.00, C.I=2.57-4.04 ] .
Distance to the wellness installation strongly influenced the immunisation position of a kid. Children born to fuss who think distance to wellness installation is non a job is 38 % high probably to have Full immunisation compared to fuss who think it ‘s a large job [ AOR =1.38, p-value=0.00, C.I=1.14-1.66 ] .
In this binomial logistic arrested development analysis, the sex of the kid, birth order, matrimonial position, topographic point of abode ( urban/ rural ) , did non hold any association with inoculation position.
Table Two: Adjusted Odd ratio of determiners of full kid immunisation among 12-23 months old in Nigeria, 2008.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTHER
ODD RATIOS ( OR )
P & gt ; value
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ( 95 % )
Region
South west
North Central
RC ( 1.00 )
1.05
0.74
0.80-1.36
North East
0.56***
0.00
0.41-0.78
North West
0.49***
0.00
0.34-0.69
South East
1.15
0.35
0.85-1.56
South South
0.95
0.71
0.71-1.26
Education
No instruction
RC ( 1.00 )
Primary instruction
1.41**
0.01
1.09-1.82
Secondary and Higher
1.87***
0.00
1.42-2.46
Age of female parent
15-24
RC ( 1.00 )
25-34
1.22
0.10
0.96-1.55
35-44
45+
1.25
1.82*
0.20
0.05
0.89-1.75
0.99-3.35
Occupation
Not working
RC ( 1.00 )
Professional, proficient, director
1.62*
0.03
1.04-2.54
Clerical and service
1.45
0.06
0.98-2.15
Gross saless, agric-employee, skilled and unskilled
1.15
0.19
0.93-1.41
Residence
Urban
RC ( 1.00 )
Rural
0.98
0.84
0.80-1.20
Marital Status
Never married
RC ( 1.00 )
Presently married
0.79
0.37
0.48-1.32
Once married
0.91
0.81
0.43-1.92
Wealth position
Poor
RC ( 1.00 )
Middle
1.34**
0.02
1.05-1.71
Rich
1.69***
0.00
1.31-2.19
Religion
Christian
RC ( 1.00 )
Muslimism
0.54***
0.00
0.43-0.68
Other
0.48
0.08
0.22-1.08
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHILD
Sexual activity
Male
Female
RC ( 1.00 )
1.09
0.31
0.92-1.29
Birth order
1
2-3
4-5
6+
RC ( 1.00 )
1.01
0.98
0.98
0.93
0.92
0.90
0.79-1.30
0.73-1.32
0.68-1.40
ACCESS TO HEALTH FACILITY
Distance to wellness
Facility
Large job
Not a job
RC ( 1.00 )
1.38***
0.00
1.14-1.66
Topographic point of bringing
Non wellness installation
Health installation
RC ( 1.00 )
1.76***
0.00
1.45-2.13
Antenatal attention
No antenatal
Less than 4 times
4 times and above
RC ( 1.00 )
2.09***
3.22***
0.00
0.00
1.54-2.83
2.57-4.04
P & lt ; 0.001=*** P & lt ; 0.01=** P & lt ; 0.05=*
Discussion
This survey was done to measure forecasters act uponing full kid immunisation between 12-23 months old in Nigeria. In the present survey, the per centum of kids that were to the full immunized was found to be 23 % . Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.Comparing the immunisation position of kids among ages 12-23 months in Nigeria with NDHS 2003, the per centum of to the full vaccinated is higher by 10 % . It is higher than the national immunisation coverage study that reported merely 18 % of kids aged 12-23 months that were to the full immunized as at 2006.A
The forecasters of full immunisation was maternal instruction, part, faith, wealth position, distance to wellness installation, topographic point of bringing, prenatal attention usage, business and female parent ‘s age.
There was a strong association among maternal instruction and full immunisation. Education helps to better wellness seeking behavior of an person. A This determination is consistent with other literatures like Tadesse et al. , 2009 and Breiman et al. , 2004, that found that maternal instruction was a important forecaster of completeness of immunisation because extremely educated female parents will be more cognizant of the importance of immunisation. The function of maternal instruction as an of import cause of immunisation consumption has besides been shown by Mahy, 2003 and Onyiriuka, 2005. In contrast, in survey conducted in Libya by Mabrouka and Bofarraj in 2011, there was no important relationship between immunisation position and female parents ‘ educational degree. A
Mothers ‘ business is another factor that influences inoculation consumption. Occupation can act upon female parents ‘ likeliness to seek immunisation for their kid. This survey showed that female parents ‘ business ( Professional and directors ) was significantly associated with higher likeliness of full immunisation than people that are non working. Similar findings have been reported in old surveies ( Antai, 2009 ) .A
Consequence besides showed that there is grounds that ages of female parent predicts child immunisation. This could be because elder female parents know the consequence and the importance of immunisation on kids than immature adult females. This determination is the same with the survey conducted in Sudan by Ibnouf et al. , 2007 and besides in the survey conducted in Nigeria by Babalola 2009.A
Several surveies have found a true relationship between wealth position and inoculation position ( INDEPTH NETWORK 2005 ; Ndiritu et Al. 2006 ; Jamil et al. , 1999 and Babalola, 2009 ) . Children belong to wealthier families may be more likely to hold their inoculation position checked and to have losing doses of vaccinums when go toing a wellness attention installation than kids from hapless families. Besides it could be because kids who are from hapless places find it hard to be reached by the wellness workers and besides parents may meet barriers to make wellness installation compared to rich kids. In the survey conducted by Castro-Leal, 1999 and Pande, 2003, they found no association between wealth position and full kid immunization.A
In old surveies conducted in other developing states, distance to primary wellness attention installations significantly predicted inoculation position ( Muller et al. 1998 ; Torun & A ; Bakirci 2006 ) . An association was found between distance to wellness installation and full kid immunisation in this present survey. This was the same with the findings in the survey conducted in Kenya by Mutual et al. , 2011 and in India by Takum et al. , 2011 and in Nigeria by Adedayo et al. , 2009. This may be because parents may non be willing to walk long distances due to regular absence of wellness workers or inaccessibility of vaccinum at the wellness installation. Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.Another account could be visibleness of wellness installation may move as a reminder to the parent.A

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As topographic point of bringing was important in this survey, the same was found in the survey conducted in Niger Delta country of Nigeria by Oyo-Ita et al. , 2012. A kid that is born in a wellness installation would hold more entree to immunisation than a kid born at a non wellness installation. At birth, a kid is given Polio 0 and this makes the parent to be cognizant of immunisation. Similar findings have been reported in old surveies ( Luman et al. , 2005 and Oladokun et al. , 2009 ) . A
Besides, this survey shows that kid whose female parent attended prenatal clinic during gestation for four times and more are likely to acquire full immunisation. This could be true because prenatal clinic is a mean for adult females to be cognizant of immunisation programme ( Mutua et al. , 2011. ) . This is consistent with the determination in the research conducted by Adedayo et al. , 2009 that showed that about 65 % of the adult females got their consciousness of immunisation at the prenatal clinics.A
Religion was besides found to be important. However, this is consistent with the consequence of the research conducted in Nigeria by Babalola 2009. Misconception by Muslims affects the immunisation consumption in Northern Nigeria.A
The six parts in Nigeria consist of different spiritual, population size and degrees of development. These regional differences tend to impact the scope of child immunisation run effectivity across the state ( Antai, 2009 ) and which could be linked with differences in vaccinum supply between countries within the different regions.A
The gender of the kid did non significantly affect the consumption of immunisation in this present survey and this is the same with the survey carried out by Odusanya et al. , 2008, Antai, 2009 Kidane et al. , 2008 and Mabrouka and Bofarraj, 2011. Gender can foretell immunisation position merely if the kid is from a society where gender inequality is prevailing. A
Birth order could hold a close relationship with immunisation position but no association was found in this present study.A
The relationship between rural/urban derived function with full Child Immunization was besides non found. This may be as a consequence of big figure of rural kids in the survey country ( 73 % ) because the population of Nigeria is mostly rural. Though, kids from urban and rural countries are loosely different in the reception of vaccinums. Urban countries had the highest coverage rates for most inoculations when taken individually, and the highest per centum of kids who had received the full vaccinums. This is likely partially due to the general distribution of health care installations in the state, which tends to favor big figure of people in the urban countries of the state. It could besides be attributed to the deficiency of consciousness of the importance of inoculation among female parents in rural countries in comparing to those in urban countries.  Determinants Of Full Child Immunization Essay.