Background

Research for Midwifery and Nursing.

Generally, utilization of immunization is one of the most unpleasant clinical processes for healthy children and infants. Immunization is a common procedure which is used in helping children steer clear some medical concerns. Nevertheless, it is usually painful especially during childhood. Immunization procedures are painful hence result in fear, distress, and anxiety amongst both children and their parents. Furthermore, these childhood concerns in regards to immunization can cause the threat of long-term fear of needle pain (Yilmaz et al, 2014). Subsequently, the concerns can contribute greatly to parental nonadherence to the diverse vaccination administration or complete avoidance of some vital medical care processes.

The health concerns that result after infant immunization necessitated the research. In the same token, the minimization of distress and pain during or after vaccinations has the capability to reduce consequent needle phobia, complete medical care avoidance, and noncompliance with immunization schedules. The utilization of sweet tasting solutions is currently greatly recommended for use during routine immunizations which entail painful procedures.  Effectiveness Of Sucrose Solution In Alleviating Pain In Infant Immunization Essay Paper

Typically, there have been other studies in regards to whether the usage of sweet solutions would mitigate the unpleasant immunization procedures. In previous research, it is well known that the utilization of sucrose during the immunization of newborns might be helpful. Nonetheless, the studies do not reveal whether the use of sweet solutions efficiently lowers the pain in babies even beyond the infant period. The significance of the research was to discover the health effect of the sucrose solution which is usually administered orally in infants during crying times (Yilmaz et al, 2014). Furthermore, the key purpose of the study was to measure the level of distress in infants who are between sixteen and nineteen months.

The core objective of the study was to explore whether the use of 2 ml of a 25% or 75% solution of sucrose decreases babies’ cry time mainly after immunization with hepatitis A, pneumococcus, acellular pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria. The research was quantitative hence utilized an experimental research design. The experimental research design utilized was a randomized control medical test. A randomized control medical test has various aspects. It is an important scientific experiment that intends to eliminate bias. In most cases, it is utilized when examining the effectiveness of a contemporary treatment technique. Furthermore, the persons taking part in the trial are usually randomly selected or allocated to either group that is receiving treatment (Yilmaz et al, 2014). Conventionally, the groups are in most instances the one that receives standard treatment while the other is a placebo or control group.

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Research Design

Specifically, in this research, infants who are aged between sixteen and nineteen months were randomly selected. Afterward, they were assigned to any of the following groups. The groups involved were a placebo group and two experimental groups. In the control group, infants were provided with a water solution during immunization. On the other hand, in the two experimental groups newborns were given 25% and 75% sucrose solutions. Moreover, the preparation of the sucrose and water solutions was done by a pharmacist in advance (Yilmaz et al, 2014). The solutions were kept in coded bottles and subsequently administered through syringes. Both parents and nurses were blinded to the kind of solutions utilized in the research.

Random selection of the people to be involved in the study reduces selection bias. Similarly, the diverse comparison groups enable the researchers to effectively ascertain the effects of their medical procedures. The randomized control medical test is the standard method mostly useful in any clinical trial. Generally, randomized control medical tests are utilized to discover the effectiveness or efficiency of how the varied medical interventions may work.

The research design used for the study was relevant hence met the objective of the study. The randomized control medical test ensures that there is no bias. Therefore, the results obtained will be in accordance with the aim of the study. The results will be helpful to medical practitioners and other researchers in future. The method facilitated the masking or blinding of assessors, participants, and investigators. Additionally, this creates the opportunity to get results which are not influenced in any way. Consequently, the research design fulfilled the purpose of the research by helping in obtaining crucial data. The data will help avoid future noncompliance with medication and minimize immunization phobia.

The sample comprised of six hundred and ninety-four infants who were healthy. However, this was before randomization was done. In addition, only five hundred and thirty-seven newborns were eventually incorporated into the study after randomization. The inclusion criteria were that the infants were to be between sixteen and nineteen months old. The newborns were to be receiving regular infant vaccinations (Yilmaz et al, 2014). On the other hand, infants who were not healthy and not born at term were not involved in the study. Subsequently, those who had abnormal birth weight were also excluded from the study.

It is imperative to have exclusion and inclusion criteria prior to the commencement of a research. Typically, inclusion criteria are basically predefined characteristics utilized to single out subjects who will be eligible for inclusion in a particular research or study. Inclusion criteria together with exclusion criteria comprise the eligibility or selection criteria utilized to get the target population for a specific research. In the same token, inclusion criteria ought to correspond to the scientific aim of the research and are crucial to aid in accomplishing it. Appropriate determination of inclusion criteria optimizes the internal and external validity of any study.

Sampling

A suitable inclusion criterion improves the feasibility of a research, reduces its cost and consequent ethical concerns. Subsequently, a good selection or inclusion criteria make sure there is homogeneity in regards to the sample population. Moreover, it ensures that there is a reduction of confusion (Singh and Masuku, 2014). Similarly, applicable inclusion criteria increase the possibility of getting the true relationship between outcomes and interventions applied in the research.

The random sampling technique was utilized in the research. It was applicable to achieving the study’s aim. The sampling method usually has no errors in case of any classifications or groupings. The sampling method is representative of the target population used in the research. Furthermore, the method is usually free from prejudice and bias (Singh and Masuku, 2014). In the same token, it easy to evaluate the sampling error during the study. Finally, it is easy and simple to use the random sampling method.

Gathering data involved making vital inquiries from the infants’ mothers and the videotaping of the immunization procedures. All infants’ gender and ages were recorded. All mothers participating in the research were questioned in regards to their socioeconomic and educational levels. Previous unpleasant experiences were evaluated by making inquiries from participating mothers. Particularly, the painful procedures inquired about were mainly concerning neonatal circumcision and heel prick tests (Yilmaz et al, 2014). Furthermore, the immunization procedures using 2 ml of a 25% or 75% solution of sucrose to determine if it decreases babies’ cry time mainly during vaccination against hepatitis A, pneumococcus, acellular pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria was videotaped.

The use of questions and subsequent videotaping of the proceeding was completely appropriate for the study. Questions aided in providing key information which was relevant to the study (Saris and Gallhofer, 2014). Videotaping of the immunization procedures is appropriate as it creates an opportunity for conducting further analysis in the future. Moreover, videotaping allows the records to be repeatedly reviewed so as to analyze fundamental findings. On the other hand, videotaping the immunization procedure could also be inappropriate. Researchers consume a lot of time trying the review the videos so as to get vital information. Subsequently, the videotapes could get damaged or lost hence research data is lost. Therefore, researchers would be forced to conduct the study again which is costly.

Using questionnaires would have facilitated more enhanced results from the research. Questionnaires are generally cost-effective and more practical than other data collection methods. They ensure user anonymity hence participants of a study reveal all sensitive information (Saris and Gallhofer, 2014). Furthermore, standard questionnaires provide quantifiable responses to a research. Additionally, this makes it easy and simple to perform an analysis.

Data Collection

Data were analyzed using diverse techniques. First, the SPSS data analysis method was incorporated into the study. ANOVA test was important in determining the differences between averages of the diverse groups (Cardinal and Aitken, 2013). Consequently, the chi-square test was applied to provide a comparison between the experimental groups. It was imperative to use binary logistic regressions to disclose independent factors which are related to greater pain during vaccinations.

Binary logic regression is beneficial since it is more robust in comparison to other methods. Moreover, it can mitigate nonlinear effects. Similarly, ANOVA was relevant for use in data analysis because it involves a robust design. Effectiveness Of Sucrose Solution In Alleviating Pain In Infant Immunization Essay Paper It also examines how different factors interact (Cardinal and Aitken, 2013). Moreover, it aims at minimizing random variability.

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Subsequently, a chi-square test is appropriate for testing the relationship between different variables. The chi-square test can also identify any differences between expected and observed values. Conversely, the chi-square test does not use percentages and the data utilized has to be numerical. It is also a complicated formula. Therefore, if it is used by inexperienced researchers it could lead to the attainment of inappropriate results that might be harmful. In the same token, the chi-square test is sensitive to the sample size used in a research hence if it is incorrectly used it may provide unsuitable outcomes (Wuensch, 2011). Likewise, all participants in the research ought to be independent. On the contrary, it was applicable for use in the research since it is much easier to compute as compared to other statistics.

The analysis conducted by the researchers was effective hence appropriate. The analysis will ensure that contemporary and future medicinal substances of children are sweet to encourage them to complete their prescribed medications. The researcher revealed that the research outcomes were significant. Basically, babies that receive oral immunization substances that have been sweetened do not have prolonged cry time (Yilmaz et al, 2014). Therefore, the study reveals that it is paramount to use appropriate techniques when vaccinating or immunizing infants so as to reduce the unpleasant processes. The results can be generalized into other settings concerning the treatment of children. All medical substances of children should be sweetened to avoid development of medicine phobia. Therefore, children will not steer clear any medicines since they will be appropriate for use to them

References

Cardinal, R. N., & Aitken, M. R. (2013). ANOVA for the behavioral sciences researcher. Psychology Press.

Saris, W. E., & Gallhofer, I. N. (2014). Design, evaluation, and analysis of questionnaires for survey research. John Wiley & Sons.

Singh, A. S., & Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling techniques & determination of sample size in applied statistics research: An overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11), 1-22.  Effectiveness Of Sucrose Solution In Alleviating Pain In Infant Immunization Essay Paper