Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay

Name and Lab Section Steps in Scientific Method The scientific method refers to the series of logical, linked and reproducible steps that are used by the researcher while undertaking his or her research. It guides the researcher from the start of the research until he or she makes his conclusion (Mancini 16). The steps during the experiment included observing something, through the use of background knowledge and asking relevant questions regarding the issue at hand.Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.  Another step was to make initial explanation based on the issue at hand the background knowledge regarding the issue. Furthermore, the other step was to figure out a way whether the initial explanations can adequately explain the observation through the designing of studies and experiments. What is more, the other step was to determine if the explanations given out is correct.

Observation or Question The cardiovascular and respiratory system in animal and human body perform significant body processes. The cardiovascular processes are important for effective blood circulation while the respiratory system is important for efficient exchange of air in the body cells.

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Hypothesis It is assumed that the cardiovascular and respiratory system effectively performs cardiovascular and respiratory functions respectively

It is also assumed that the human beings respiratory and cardiovascular systems need to respond to the delivering of glucose and oxygen to the cells which are in need of more ATP.

Furthermore, it assumed that the food ingested undergo digestion in the animal body and the products of digestion which are the nutrients are distributed throughout the body for functional uses.

What is more, it is assumed that the chemical products produced through the process of digestion are toxic to the body and thus should be eliminated from the body.

The blood vessels transport the blood to various parts of the body.

Methods The experiment tries to answer the questions relating to the cardiovascular and respiratory system. After setting the hypothesis, an experiment will then be undertaken to evaluate whether the set hypotheses are correct. The background knowledge will assist in the setting up of the hypothesis tested during the study. The steps taken are geared towards evaluating if the initial explanation answers the questions of the study. After the data analysis process has been conducted, the results of the study will then be explained.

Results The study found out that the cardiovascular system is a system that is connected by several vessels and this acts as the network of the body tissues. It contains the heart, which pumps blood through the process of contraction and relaxing to all the parts of the body. After checking, it was found out that when the heart beats, it will be in the position to pump the blood to various parts of the body that require oxygenated blood. Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.

The study also found out that the respiratory forms an important body system as it brings in the oxygenated and clean air which is then distributed to the cells which require it. Furthermore, the respiratory system is also significant because it eliminates the blood which is reached in carbon dioxide from the body cells (Petechuk 45).

Discussion and Conclusion The experiment is important since it explains the importance of cardiovascular and respiratory system in human body. In animals, the cardiovascular system contains the networks of vessels and the heart (Mancini 23). The blood vessels circulate the oxygenated blood in the body and also takes away the carbon dioxide from the cells of the body. Furthermore, the blood vessels also ensure that the body gets water which is required during the metabolic processes and elimination of the toxic substances from the body. What is more, the respiratory system is significant since it ensures the intake of clean air required in the body and eliminates the contaminated air through the mucous substance.

Next Question In future, it is important to research on how to improve the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Works Cited

Mancini, M. Nutritional and metabolic bases of cardiovascular disease. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Petechuk, D. The respiratory system. Greenwood Press, 2004.

Activity I: Identifying Structures

Find the following structures on the human torso model and other models.

• Nostrils
• Trachea
• Nasal cavity
• Oral cavity
• Bronchi
• Diaphragm
• Pharynx
• Pleura
• Larynx
• Lung
• Epiglottis
• Intercostal muscles
• Glottis
• Iliac artery and vein
• Carotid arteries
• Jugular veins
• Right and left ventricle
• Right and left atria
• Pulmonary artery and vein
• Brachial artery and vein
• Coronary artery and vein
• Renal artery and vein
• Hepatic artery and vein
• Femoral artery and vein
• Superior and inferior vena cava

Use the chart on the next page to help organize your understanding of the different arteries and veins. For each one listed, state where the blood is traveling to and from. Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.

Use the heart picture below and label the different atria and ventricles. Also include the aorta, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.

Activity II: Respiratory Volumes and Lung Capacities 

Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test. A spirometer is an instrument used to measure how much air and how quickly air is expelled after a deep inhalation. The measurements can be used to calculate how efficiently and how quickly the lungs can be filled upon inspiration and emptied during expiration. The most common measurements obtained from a spirometer are listed in the table below.

The spirometer we will use measures peak expiratory flow, a useful indicator of lung function to assess conditions such as asthma. Peak flow is achieved by blowing out as fast as possible after taking in as much air as possible. Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.

Directions to Operate Spirometer

1. For best results, stand. If you are unable to stand, sit in a straight and upright position.
2. Move the peak indicator (red internal piece) to the start position (all the way on the left).
3. Hold the spirometer in your hand with your thumb and forefinger on the grips and the mouthpiece facing toward you. Avoid blocking the vent holes as much as possible and do not allow the fingers to interfere with the red peak indicator.
4. Take as deep a breath as possible filing your lungs completely with air
5. Place your mouth on the mouthpiece, past your teeth, and form a tight seal with your lips. Place your tongue below the mouthpiece to make sure it is not blocking the opening at any time.
6. Blow out as hard and fast as you can. The red indicator will move indicating your peak flow.
7. Do not reset the peak indicator. Repeat steps 4-6 two more times for a total of three. The indicator will automatically point to the best of the three efforts.
8. Record your results in the table on the next page.
9. Clean off the spirometer using a paper towel and rubbing alcohol.
10. Have your partner complete the same process.

Results

Comparing Your Results to Expected Values

Use the normal predicted average peak expiratory flow tables in the spirometer box and any additional handouts provided by your instructor to compare your readings to expected values based on an individuals gender, age, ethnicity, and height. Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.

How does your average PEF compare with the value for a person your age and height?

What do These Values Mean in the Real World?

Individuals suffering from obstructive pulmonary disease (narrowed airways) have a low FEV1 but a normal FVC. Since the airways are narrowed less air can be blown out in one second. Individuals with obstructive lung disease also have a FER less than 70% of the predicted value. Asthma is one condition which causes narrowing of the airways. Spirometry is used to diagnose asthma and asses the efficiency of treatments.

Individuals can also suffer from restrictive pulmonary disease. These individuals have a normal FEV1 since the airways are unobstructed but a lower FVC. The lower FVC is caused by various conditions that affect the lung tissue or the capacity of the lungs to expand.

There are some conditions that involve both lung obstruction and restriction, such as cystic fibrous. Individuals with cystic fibrous secrete excess mucus which narrows the airways and damages the lung tissue. 

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Activity III: Investigation

How do different everyday activities affect your circulation and respiration? You and a partner will work together to come up with and implement a procedure to test the following question:

How does body position (laying down verses sitting verses standing) affect your heart rate and your breathing?

In the space below, write a hypothesis and null hypothesis for the question.

Hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis:

You have the following tools available to test these questions:

1. Spirometer
2. Measuring pulse
3. Measuring breathing rate

You need to determine how you can test both respiration and circulation. Some points to consider:

• How long your experiment should run?
• How many trials you should do
• How often should you take measurements?
• How could you create a control? Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.

Use the space below to write out a procedure to test each question. Make sure that your instructor approves your procedures before you begin your experiments.

Procedure for Question 1:

Now begin your experiments. Use the space below to record your results. Feel free to make your own tables to organize your data.

Use your results to answer the following questions:

1. How did your heart rate change with body position? When was it the lowest? Highest?
2. How did your breathing rate change with body position? When was it the lowest? Highest?
3. Why might your heart and breathing rate differ from your partner? Lab Report Based on Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Experiment Essay.