National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay
As one of many problems currently being experienced by the National Health Service, this essay will demonstrate how smoking and its life-threatening consequences have an effect on people. Firstly, in order to achieve a better understanding of a stated problem, this paper will provide a general idea about NHS in Great Britain and Poland.National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay. Secondly, it will demonstrate the idea of smoking in general, reasons for individuals to smoke, and also the variation of negative aftermaths caused by smoking addiction.
Finally, this essay will also discuss the Government’s Policies on declining smoking addictions in Great Britain and Poland followed by the conclusion on National Health Services in mentioned countries. This part of essay will briefly explain what the NHS is and what is the purpose of its existence. National Health Service, established by the National Health Service Act 1946 on 5 July 1948, is now the largest organisation in Europe. In United Kingdom it is a care system that provides all citizens with for example dentistry, in-patient care, long-term healthcare and primary care. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
It is recognised as one of the best health services in the world by the World Health Organisation. The NFZ, the acronym standing for ‘Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia’, is the Polish version of the National Health Service. Established on 27 August 2004, the NHS in Poland has a similar purposes to that in Great Britain, for example promoting healthy life styles and providing people with a sufficient health care. Since smoking tobacco products is a significant problem occurring at present within the National Health Service.
This part of essay will give a brief explanation of this process in order to achieve and expand a better understanding of smoking itself. Tobacco smoking is nothing more than the act of simultaneously burning and inhaling the dried leaves of the tobacco plant. There are many reasons for people to smoke. Individuals can use tobacco products for pleasure, social purposes or to satisfy physical cravings. The cultural assessment enfolding smoking tobacco goods has altered over time, and from the variety of places.
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For some people the cigarette smoke was holy, elegant, pure or even exalted, and for other individuals it was sinful, vulgar, and deadly health hazard. Only recently, smoking appeared in a decidedly negative light, due to its concealed, gradual and fatal consequences. A cigarette is the only legal drug in the world, although tobacco smoke itself contains over 50 poisonous carcinogen (causing cancer) substances, like for example nicotine, an addictive stimulant, which relieves the feeling of confusion, anxiety and insomnia which is a sleeping disorder that causes persons mind to be restless during the night.
Heavy smokers are, unlike non-smokers, more likely to complain about not having the ability to correctly recall previous events or learn new material, and also to be unable to focus attention for more then 10 – 15 minutes. Furthermore, constant inhalation of tobacco goods suppresses appetite, causes metabolism disorders and increases blood sugar. It has been determined that all forms of tobacco use are addictive and the addiction to tobacco products has been recognized by World Health Organization as a direct cause of serious health hazards. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
Long-term smokers can suffer from a variety of causes from breathing difficulties (COPD), F17 (tobacco addiction disorder), lung cancer, heart attacks, strokes, impotence, to low birth weight of infants born by smoking mothers. One of main sicknesses directly connected to tobacco smoking and considered by the NHS as dramatic and life-threatening due to its impact on persons health, is lung cancer. ”Current or former cigarette smokers make up approximately 90 percent of patients with lung cancer”, declares the NHS survey (On-line, 2007).
Another sickness related to nicotine addiction and regarded as hazardous is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Main symptoms of COPD are breath shortness and strong cough usually with blood. In severe cases this disease could lead to ‘cor pulmonale’ (a change in structure and role of the right ventricle of the heart muscle) due to the extra work required by the heart to get blood to flow through the lungs.
R. Doll’s survey in National Statistics (On-line, 2007) illustrates that people with tobacco addiction born between 1900 and 1930 who had smoked their whole mature life, died nearly ten years younger than lifelong non-smokers. In addition, individuals that have started to smoke as teenagers, 70 percent of cases, lived 20 years less then those people who never smoked. P. Puska (On-line, 2005) from World Health Organization alerts that tobacco manufactured goods are a direct reason for over 4 million deaths annually all over the world.
Puska expresses that if no changes occur, the death numbers, within the next 20 years to come, will arise up to 10 millions. The point mentioned above, generates serious health problems and therefore, forms drawbacks in the National Health Service. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay. The overall target for Great Britain within the NHS shown in the survey by National Statistics ( summer 2007) is to reduce the number of adults who smoke and to deter young people from starting to smoking.
In order to achieve this long term goal of moderating figures, and what is more, improving the general health of the society the Government provides smoking legislations. One of founded legislations, from 1 July 2007, to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, states that in public places and workplaces it is illegal to smoke and if not abided heavy fines will be adjudicated. Opinion given by ‘karendodd’ (On-line, 2007) on smoking in public places and passive smoking ‘I am enjoying going out more now that its all smoke free, before it was a waste of time putting nice clothes on and washing your hair if you were going out to a pub at least now you come home still smelling nice.
Plus its a lot more healthier for everyone who does not smoke. ” demonstrates the general attitude of a British society. Wherever people smoke, there is the risk of passive smoking for individuals who do not smoke. Passive smoking, also called secondhand smoking, is a process of a submissive inhalation of a tobacco smoke which can damage every organ in the human body.
Tobacco smoke is an irritant and all passive smokers can experience at least one of the unpleasant symptoms, for example: burning eyes, sneezing, coughing, headaches or feeling sleepy. Non-smokers also tend not to like the odour of a burned tobacco, which clings to hair, skin, teeth, fingernails, clothing, furniture, and rugs. Breathing in secondhand smoke also affects persons blood structure by making it more glutinous and causing the formation of blood clots, what as the worst result, can then lead to complete heart failure. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
Another smoking legislation introduced by the British Government from 1 October 2007, alters the age from 16 to 18, of anyone wanting to purchase tobacco products. The NHS in Poland, asserted the same legislation, that individuals under 18 can not buy tobacco manufactured goods, but failed to improve the health situation in the country, accordingly to National Statistics Online (NSO). Since 1992 Poland is still one of the leading countries considering tobacco smoking.
Nevertheless, over 77 percent of Polish citizens are against smoking, what is shown in NSO, and that is why the National Health Service intends to reduce the number of people who smoke by imposing on the Government to introduce a legislation on banning smoking from public places. This paper has identified smoking as the important problem currently being experienced by the National Health Service. It also has described the reason why smoking tobacco products has extremely bad and unpleasant effects on people’s health and what is more, it has exemplified the motive for the NHS to have started a boosted anti-smoking campaign.
The main goal of the NHS is to reduce smoking rates and motivate smokers in different groups to stop using tobacco products. In doing that the National Health Service in Great Britain and Poland is trying to support and encourage the nation by giving a clear information about health risks, reasons not to smoke, and also by offering 24 hour access to NHS support to quit smoking, for example ‘Stop Smoking Services’ and nicotine replacement Therapies.
Great Britain’s and Poland’s NHS reforms are setting new approach to public health through sustained investment and fresh thinking. These reforms are the start, not the end of a journey, since the ideas and actions should always be developed, and what is more, they are constantly encouraging people of Great Britain and Poland to stop smoking and focus on the health improvement and self progress.
The purpose of this essay is to identify a public health issue related in my field. To facilitate the discussion smoking as a public health issue has been chosen. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay. The holistic impact smoking have on the wellbeing of an individual will be explored. The stage of change model and the Healthy Lives (2010) policy will be explored in relation to smoking.
The rationale for choosing this topic is because smoking is an important public health issue. The smoke is very toxic to every human tissue it touches on its way into, through and out of the smoker’s body (Ewles 2005). The impact of tobacco smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy. Also it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per day (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, most of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Peto et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively every year. In addition, smoking is known to also bring increased risk of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other people’s smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009).
Smoking is considered as a health hazard because Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a poisonous alkaloid, and other harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, acrolein, ammonia and tars.Gorvenment initiatives like the Public Health White Paper, choosing health; Making Choices Easier (DH 2004) will be addressed. The nurse’s role and other professions involved will be highlighted .Confidentiality shall be maintained throughout this essay as prescribed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008).
In addition the fact about Nicotine (2006) suggests some people they smoke for different reason to justify their bad habits, some beliefs that smoking will make them loose weight/or maintaining their weight, peer pressure, reliefs stress, their families and siblings are smoking. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay. Many people thinks it is a good thing to smoke whereas young ones thinks it is cool to be a smoker .The more you smoker too many cigarettes that’s how you get more the hormones from it.Smoking can cause chronic swelling of the mucus membranes of the airways, which adds to airways resistance.
Public health is defined it as the science and art of protecting and promoting health and wellbeing, preventing ill health and prolonging life through the organised effects of society (Faculty of Public Health 2010).
Smoking is defined as the inhaling and exhaling of smoke from tobacco of other drugs (World Health Organisation 2008). The Department of Health (2011) states that in the United Kingdom, smoking is one of the causes of avoidable premature deaths. The WHO (2008) estimates that tobacco smoking accounts for almost 6 million deaths worldwide that is including second-hand smoke and the number is expected rise to 7 million by 2020. Allender, et al (2009) states that for every smoking related death, 20 people are likely to suffer some disease associated with smoking such as cancer, COPD heart disease and stroke. In England between 2010-2011 smoking related diseases accounted for 5 percent of NHS hospital admissions and treating smoking related diseases costs the NHS approximately £5 billion a year (Ericksen et al 2012).
Smoking is known to affect the bio-psychosocial life of an individual as people smoke for different reasons Health Psychology: Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Perspectives. According to the DH (2009) nicotine, tar and bupropion are the most common toxins that have damaging effects to the body. “Pearson Nurse’s Drug (2010), states that Nicotine acts as a stimulant within the cardiovascular system and causes vasoconstriction, the thinning of blood vessels causing hypertension and chest pains. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
Goddard (2008) suggests that tar, is also toxic when inhaled during smoking and it reduces the elasticity of the lungs thereby reducing the intake of oxygen in the blood stream.
Marmot The review key massage is on decreasing the social sectors and public groups has to work in organisation. (Marmot 2010) gradient in order to accomplish purposes in reducing health inequalities.
Chances to decrease the social gradient has to be universal that is starting at a local level. For example authorising local groups and individuals shall be effective than concentrating on the disadvantaged only. This means that the NHS, private.
The governments document Choosing Health (2004) seeks that people have choices about their health through health guides, receiving advice on their healthy living and being encouraged to make healthier changes in their lives. The introduction of the stop smoking service and a 24 hour free telephone service are important in supporting people to stop smoking. NICE (2011) highlights that Health professionals play a very important role in teaching them about the results of chain smoking and motivating them and empowering them into changing their behavioural life style.
Tanahill model describes three aspects of health promotion, these three circle Identify the major functions of public health. The aspects are Health Education, Prevention and Health Protection. A vital component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behaviour by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to fulfill their potential FILL IN SOMETHING LEFT……
The health issues described above could be tackled in diverse angles. A Tanahill model of health is a guideline that professionals uses to protect, promote and educate individuals to make healthy choices. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.By educating and offering support health professionals can empower individuals to choice a healthy lifestyle. In 2012Hisocock, Bauld, Amos Filder and Munafo indicated that individuals use smoking as a coping device to manage pressures and stress. Also, Mendelsohn (2012) stated that smoking is intensely connected with depression, people that are depressed are more likely to smoke. In 2012, Turrell, Hewwitt and Miller identified that individuals that lives in deprived neighbourhood have more probability to smoke.
Health inequalities are the differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups. (RNC, 2012). These differences are social determinants and may include: housing, financial security, education and environment in which people are born, grow up and live in.
Housing: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) identified that the possibility of being a smoker is considerably intensified for individuals that lives in a rented accommodation.Moreover,In 2011,Howden –chapman,Chandola,Stafford and Marmot stated that the self-esteem of an individual can be affected by the quality of their house. They further stated that, the effect of stress and not having control over repairs of one’s house can affect mental health. Also 2012 study by Ansell,Gu,Tuiut and Shinha stated that increasing stress is connected with increase chance of smoking. In 2013, Prochorskaite and Miliene stated that, damp condition in the house can lead to breathing problems and asthma, skin irritation’s and are also related to poor housing.
According to Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) Unemployment is a very popular determinant of health, many people and their family suffer from premature deaths because of this. NHS (2004) states that when an individual loses their job this can affect their self-esteem including their financial circumstances, which can therefore trigger emotional distress. Even though the relationship between unemployment and ill health is similar, unemployment is clearly related with greater levels of physical and psychological health for the individual who is unemployed, together with those close to them, as well as their community. NHS (2009). “A lot of jobless people will eventually lose contact with who they are as well as what they are” NHS (2012).
Tanahill model states that nurses should be role model when providing education or assistance about smoking, as Carmel and Rijid (2000) said that nurses were the best people to give information in educating and counselling the public about smoking. Bethel J (2008) impulses all health profession who have yet to quit smoking not to give patients confusing smoke motions. When counselling the Nurses should continuously use four A’s, Ask, Assist, Arrange and Advice. The individual would be asked about their smoking pattern and assisted in making a choice. The clever methodology should be applied in setting accurate aims for the patients to follow. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
Information on the benefits of quitting to smoke and information such as brochures must be given to support the patient in making a choice People should be discharged and then referred to local NHS Stop Smoking . When discharging patients as nurse we should be helping by educating patients, counselling them, giving out flyers, try to educate them as much as we can, also nurses must make some referrals to community campaigners like Stoptober. Also knowledge of a person’s health beliefs is a condition to supporting interactive adjustment cessations.
Marmot Report (2010), showed that there is more possibility for adults who take parts in courses in education to give up smoking and also that adults learning significantly aid positive alterations in health behaviours. The Report goes on to say individuals can be empowered through early intervention and local health trainers to manage their health however, several deprived individuals finds it hard to access and explore healthcare.
In 2012 Tenn , Herman and Wendling stated that, education may raise alertness of the damaging health effect of smoking and individuals that are more educated are far less expected to smoke.
As nurses we must indicate by models, we need to implement current smoking cessation interventions to reduce the tobacco credited flexibility and death.Smokers should be advised to stop smoking by following smoking cessations like clinical for behavioural supports.The National Institute for Health and Care Excecllence (NICE) recommending to reduce the prevalence of smoking in people in groups and ethnic groups. The Government gets profits by selling tobacco, yet this is an obstacle to people who are trying to stop smoking. When it comes to preventing and treating tobacco requirement nurses are the best people to act as agents of changes. Patients must have more counselling from Health professionals in order for them to quit smoking. Providing service users with some advices it benefits them to urges smoke, especially when speaking to somebody, keeping themselves busy or taking a walk. Smouldering cessations is a preventative health measure’s, yet several medical doctor give it only perfunctory mention during unchanging office appointments or avoid over it totally. (NRT) Nicotine Replacement Therapy or bupropion is to be given to people who are planning to quit smoking.These should be used as interventions.Goddard (2008) stated that smoking causes cardiovascular diseases occurs to people who are light smokers as well ( Dunn et al 1999). 24 300 deaths were from Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease such as chronic bronchitis and Emphysema were direct results of smoking.
According to Jerome (1987) smoking one cigarette immediately raises a person’s blood pressure and heart rate decrease the blood flow to the body extremities such as the fingers and toes. Brain and nervous system activity is stimulated for a short time and then reduced, a smoker may also experience dizziness, nausea, watery eyes and acid stomach.Apettite and smell are weakened.
Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on prevention at primary and secondary levels.Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. This encourages people to take charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Karen.et.al 1999). Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services. Secondary prevention detects on early stage and it gives a swift treatment of diseases to cure the disease earlier.
This helps to reduce the impact on peoples in community also states that screening for diseases has to be done, such as computerized test so that it will detect the heart diseases early, eye tests for glaucoma, blood tests, Pap test for cervical test and Prostate Specific Antigen (APS) test for prostate cancer screening will benefit people by getting disease to be detected early so that the treatment can be initiated.National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay. Tannahil model states that preventing helps to lessens mortality, morbidity and all those serious complications.
In 2010 the white paper Healthy Live Healthy People set out the government long term policy for improving public health and in 2011 a new tobacco control plan was published (Department of Health 2011). The Whitepaper Healthy Life Healthy People set out a range of measures aimed at preventing people from starting to smoke and helping them to stop, such as banning cigarettes advertising on billboards, in size and action on tobacco intensified (DH, 2011).Issues highlighted were to ban retailers who sell tobacco to people.
England shops under a series of measures set out by the Department of Health (DPH 2011).In 2010 a box of cigarette was higher up by 15p, later the head of government increased duties by 1% above deflation. Liability will double to 2% above deflation over 2011-2015.NHS smoking services is the health promotion strategy, which was started by the government in 2000.The administration has made stop smoking aid presented on NHS treatment, bupropion (zyban).NICE has hand out regulation on use of NRT and bupropion (zyban).NICE has given control on use of NRT and bupropion and role of therapy and support. The government release money every year to encourage the stop smoking packages and training is given to health care workers and Nurses.
The Legal age limit was elevated from 16 to 18 years in October 2007 (ONS 2007 ).The Health Commission was to observed what PCT were doing to decrease smoking. Free smoking was banned from the 1st of July 2007 in England and it’s now a crime /offence .National Health Services (NHS 2010) The NHS stop smoking services and A24 hour free phone services is offered to help broad public quit smoking. The DH has employed so many adverts in the broadcasting concerning the hazards of smoking. Additional amount planned in the 2010 White Paper -smoking kills was to end the advertising and sponsorship and promotion of tobacco (ONS 2007). National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
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Who defines about what influences people’s health and what are effective interventions or strategies to improve health. Health promotion a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health. It implies that the ideology moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Naidoo and Wills (2010), states ‘health promotion is based on theories.
The Government strategy in England was to reduce the impact of tobacco in communities, campaigns organizations was organized and came up with a consultation report on the future of tobacco control (2008).this was to be achieved by working in partnership with local regional, national and international levels. In consultation 17% in the general population of which 23% among R&M to be achieved by 2015.Maybe fewer smoking people by 2020, and to achieve one in 20 fewer smoking people by 2030.The government‘s goals were to achieve by Better enforcement of existing laws with respect of underage smoking linking with social market campaigns and tackling underage smoking linking with social markets campaigns, also PTC authorities to work in partnership to set priority groups. The United Kingdom Support International initiative and effort on tobacco control through the world health organization. (WHO) treaty Framework Convention on tobacco (FCTC), (DOH 2008).As smoking remains to be a major cause of preventable premature deaths with statistics of 137,000 smokers approximately. North Staffordshire came up with a vision of tobacco control Agenda for West Midlands in 2005-2008 , with the aim of Support for smoking cessation:- this consist a network scheme providing support to people who are determined to stop. Professionals are always available to help with brief interventions. Reducing exposure to second-hand smoke:-businesses in Staffordshire are encouraged to implement smoke-free policies to reduce passive smoking therefore enhance a safe environment for the public children inclusive (Stoke-on-Trent PCT).Naidoo & Willis (2006) stated that reducing tobacco advertising and promotion:-this reduces smoke recruitment in youth.(smoke busters) (Stoke-on-Trent PCT National smoking communication.:- a national network and partnership in promoting smoke free environment in Staffordshire. Reducing availability of illicit and smuggled tobacco and underage sales.(DH2005).
The impact of tobacco smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005).). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy.National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay. Also it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per day (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, most of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Peto et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively every year. In addition, smoking is known to also bring increased risk of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other people’s smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009).
Having mentioned prons and cons of smoking .The writers ‘s opinion is that stopping smoking is a better idea. National Health Service Smoking Issue Essay.
