Pathophysiology Essay Paper
Pathophysiology
World Health Organization states that every year, there are 450 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It is important to note that although sexually transmitted diseases are a leading cause of infertility, they are not the only cause and neither does it mean that all diseases could potentially lead to infertility but in most cases, they are closely related. According to research, 70% of infertility cases tend to occur in women between ages 15 and 39 and are usually bacterial or fungal (Iktidar et al, 2022). Usually, the disease causes inflammation of the pelvic region which is commonly known as a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which is placed in the upper part of the female reproductive system such as the uterus and the fallopian tube. Sexually transmitted diseases associated with infertility include gonorrhea and chlamydia. Also, mycoplasma infections are common causes of infertility. Other STDs related to infertility include vaginitis, syphilis, herpes, and Trichomoniasis. Pathophysiology Essay Paper
Infertility in women as a result of STDs is when the microorganisms settle in the cervical mucus and reduce the movement of the sperm as well as changing the fallopian tubes. In the case of men, STDs tend to decrease the quantity and quality of sperm as well as disrupt the seminal fluid and the Ph. Pelvic inflammatory disease is diagnosed by doctors based on the signs and systems where a pelvic exam is done and an analysis of the vaginal discharge, urine tests, and cervical cultures is done(Iktidar et al, 2022). Prostatitis is normally caused by a bacterial infection of the prostate. It is important to note that any bacteria that cause urinary tract infections can also cause acute bacterial prostatitis. Besides, some STDs can also lead to bacterial prostatitis (Mouyousef et al, 2021). Acute bacterial prostatitis is usually caused by strains of bacteria. Essentially, the infection normally starts when the bacteria present themselves in the urine and seep within the prostrate. Usually, antibiotics are used in the treatment of the bacteria, however, prostatitis may come back as chronic bacterial prostatitis.
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) disorder leads to excessive or easy bleeding. Normally, the bleeding comes from unusually low levels of platelets the cells that help blood clot. Treatment may be required when the platelet count is too low and there are signs of bleeding. However, if the patients do not respond to the first line of treatment for ITP, it is recommended to employ the second line which is splenectomy which is considered the treatment with the highest and long-term complete remission rate (Attina et al, 2021). It is advisable to consider surgery after six months of /diagnosis if a splenectomy is not effective.
Microcytic anaemia is a term used to describe anaemia that is characterized by small blood cells. Generally, the average volume of red blood cells also abbreviated as MCV is 76 to 100fl and the largest red blood cells are less than 100fl (Portolés & Cases, 2021). The formation of red blood cells is much smaller than usual and it is caused by iron deficiency. Essentially, iron deficiency can cause red blood cells to change in color and appear with less intensity than normal colors. On the other hand, macrocytic anaemia is characterized by the abnormal presence of large blood cells. There are several types such as megaloblasts which are normally caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid and nonmegaloblasts where the sizes of red blood cells increases. The reason why the red blood cells increases are because of the formation of red blood cells. Pathophysiology Essay Paper
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References
Attina’, G., Triarico, S., Romano, A., Maurizi, P., Mastrangelo, S., & Ruggiero, A. (2021). Role of Partial Splenectomy in Hematologic Childhood Disorders. Pathogens, 10(11), 1436.
Iktidar, M. A., Islam, A. K., Chowdhury, S., Roy, S., Islam, M., Chowdhury, T., … & Hawlader, M. D. H. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude and Perceptions Regarding Male Infertility among the Medical Students and Healthcare Professionals of Bangladesh. medRxiv
Moryousef, J., Blankstein, U., Curtis Nickel, J., Krakowsky, Y., Gilron, I., & Jarvi, K. (2021). Overview of seminal fluid biomarkers for the evaluation of chronic prostatitis: a scoping review. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 1-14.
Portolés, J., Martín, L., Broseta, J. J., & Cases, A. (2021). Anemia in chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology and current treatments, to future agents. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 642296.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following as it applies to the scenario you were provided (not all may apply to each scenario):
- The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
- Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
- Why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
- Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
- Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic). Pathophysiology Essay Paper
Case study week 10
67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF.
Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO2 95% on room air.
Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years.
HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinate’s pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated.
Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two finger breadths below right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B12 levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal.
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | |
| Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following as it relates to the case you were assigned (omit section that does not pertain to your case, faculty will give full points for that section): Explain the factors that affect fertility (STDs) | Points Range:23 (23.00%) – 25 (25.00%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:20 (20.00%) – 22 (22.00%)
The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:18 (18.00%) – 19 (19.00%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 17 (17.00%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
| Explain why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID | Points Range:18 (18.00%) – 20 (20.00%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:16 (16.00%) – 17 (17.00%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:14 (14.00%) – 15 (15.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 13 (13.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research. |
| Explain why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction. | Points Range:18 (18.00%) – 20 (20.00%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:16 (16.00%) – 17 (17.00%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:14 (14.00%) – 15 (15.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 13 (13.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research. |
| Explain why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP. | Points Range:5 (5.00%) – 10 (10.00%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:4 (4.00%) – 4 (4.00%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:3 (3.00%) – 3 (3.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 2 (2.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. |
| Explain anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic). | Points Range:5 (5.00%) – 10 (10.00%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:4 (4.00%) – 4 (4.00%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
Points Range:3 (3.00%) – 3 (3.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 2 (2.00%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. | Points Range:5 (5.00%) – 5 (5.00%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
Points Range:4 (4.00%) – 4 (4.00%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. |
Points Range:3 (3.00%) – 3 (3.00%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%-79% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 2 (2.00%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation | Points Range:5 (5.00%) – 5 (5.00%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. |
Points Range:4 (4.00%) – 4 (4.00%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. |
Points Range:3 (3.00%) – 3 (3.00%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 2 (2.00%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. | Points Range:5 (5.00%) – 5 (5.00%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors. |
Points Range:4 (4.00%) – 4 (4.00%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. |
Points Range:3 (3.00%) – 3 (3.00%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. |
Points Range:0 (0.00%) – 2 (2.00%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. |
