Literature Review

This research aimed to assess children’s and teenagers’ psychological health throughout the COVID-19 epidemic. Researchers also wanted to see how children, COVID-19 participants, and health personnel felt about the stigma attached to COVID-19 by contrasting them to counterparts. Furthermore, the assessment of COVID-19–related prejudice amongst adolescents of various ages and gender categories was explored and analyzed (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

In their literature review, the authors highlight the psychological impact of the effect of pandemic-related isolation precautions and social distancing on children and adolescents (Murata, et al., 2021). They also point out evidence of less engagement in physical activity and disruption of sleep patterns. The study focused on anxiety and depression faced by the children of the victims of the COVID 19 outbreak (Ozbaran, et al., 2021). The children’s mental state was a stigmatized event that hampered their mental peace (Brooks, et al., 2020).

Although quarantine procedures are thought to be preventative in the case of contagious diseases, they can lead to stigmatization, which is impacted by awareness, training, and socioeconomic status (Baldassarre, et al., 2020). According to Hacimusalar, et al., (2020), personal anxiety and healthcare inequalities are also caused by prejudice. It can also cause post-traumatic anxiety disorder and depression (Hawes, et al., 2021). Branding somebody as hazardous or reckless can contribute to prejudice and conflict between individuals (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

Owing to concealment, disengagement from social events, and negative remarks made by others surrounding them, isolated persons are more prone to experience stigmatization and social disapproval (Baldassarre, et al., 2020). Patients & healthcare system laborers in confinement who were subjected to stereotyping noted that they were treated with skepticism and were afraid by others, that their interpersonal relationships were harmed, and that a few of the medical care experts experienced challenges resulting from intra-household strain being incapable of returning to employment (Fegert, et al., 2020).

Because of the scarcity of information on the respondents’ psychological health before the outbreak, it is hard to link sadness and panic complaints to the epidemic (Duan, et al., 2020).  The findings are also challenging to extrapolate due to the tiny study population (Fegert, et al., 2020). Even though the analysis covered all participants in the pertinent facilities during March and June 2020, it may have been organized as multicenter research or done at a facility with a more significant sample of participants to improve the sampling size. Another limitation in this research investigation is that the stigma impressions were assessed using a questionnaire developed by the researchers specifically for the research and whose trustworthiness was not investigated (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).  Psychological Health Of Children And Teenagers During The COVID-19 Pandemic Essay Paper

Design Methodology

This was a three-group cross-sectional research study. Children and grandkids of Covid-19-infected patients made up the first category, whereas children and grandchildren of Covid-19-uninfected health practitioners made up the second. The third category consisted of children and grandchildren of people who were not infected with Covid-19 or who worked in hospitals. A telehealth semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the psychological health of the 71 students aged six to eighteen years which included 4 different instruments (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

The individuals’ psychiatric evaluations were conducted through telemedicine using the DSM-5 clinical definition and the K-SADS-PL-T, a semi-structured conversation. Families provided social population characteristics such as age, religion, academic level, family structure, COVID-19 source of data, and isolating measures, which were all documented (Ludvigsson, 2020).  An online questionnaire was used to create the online survey, which included written consent and weights. It was distributed to the attendees via text messaging systems (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

In the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders-Child assessment, there was a severe negative association between age and separated social anxiety (p =.005) and a substantial positive link between age and anxiety disorders (p =.035). Females were shown to have a greater rate of generalized anxiousness disorder than males (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

In the COVID-19–Related Stigmatized Questionnaire, there was a substantial variation among the concerned parents. COVID-19-infected individuals, healthcare staff, and the comparison group all had distinct views on the stress attached to COVID-19. Children’s ages influence stigmatized views (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

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The finding of the research was in line with the conclusions of the research. The paucity of substantial variations in mental illness and perceptions of prejudice in children was assumed to be owing to the premise that the epidemic had equal impacts on both age generations throughout the severe phase, attributable to a shortage of proper information and understanding regarding COVID-19 (Meherali, et al., 2021).  While it is assumed that the variation in parental stigmatized judgments is connected to the parent’s mental health, the mental illness of the mom and dad was not assessed in the research (Lai, et al., 2020).

Future research should look at the various elements that influence children’s and parents’ impressions of COVID-19-linked stigma (Ozbaran, et al., 2021). In consideration of preserving children ‘s mental wellbeing, it appears that strengthening studies with families is critical (Liu, et al., 2020).  Furthermore, it is hypothesized that disparities in parental stigma views could have an impact on children and that giving adequate knowledge about stigmatization will safeguard children and youths (Tomczyk, et al., 2020).

Results

The goal of the study to analyze the psychological health of children and teens during the COVID-19 outbreak was very well addressed in the paper.  By comparing children, COVID-19 participants, and health professionals to peers, researchers were able to evaluate how they felt about the stigma associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, bias associated with COVID-19 was assessed and evaluated among teenagers of various ages and gender groups. However, the research perspective was not highlighted in terms of nursing. There was no compelling significance in the argument or statement. The research study is justified since the research rationale has been addressed in a way that includes a proper explanation related to the aim of the research (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

The research cited is pertinent to the most recent problem faced by people globally. The comprehensive study is a published reviewed literature within the time span of 5 years. The literature review critically addresses the variables of the study group (Ozbaran, et al., 2021). However, the study did not address the quality of the study, it was just that the study addresses the variables and describes their part well. The author had contributed 90 percent of the reviews to be of primary sources while 10 percent of the resources were taken from secondary sources. According to the literature review, research is needed, since, future research will analyze at the various elements that influence children’s and parents’ impressions of COVID-19-linked stigma (Ludvigsson, 2020). In consideration of preserving children ‘s mental wellbeing, it appears that strengthening studies with families is critical (Lai, et al., 2020). Furthermore, it is hypothesized that disparities in parental stigma views could have an impact on children and that giving adequate knowledge about stigmatization will safeguard children and youths.

The theoretical framework was addressed clearly by discussing the conceptual framework of the issue by discussing and examining problems. The experiment’s findings were consistent with the study’s results. Leading to a shortage of proper research and understanding about COVID-19, the lack of substantial disparities in mental illness and prejudiced judgements among young people was ascribed to the idea that the pandemic had equal impacts on all age cohorts throughout the severe time (Meherali, et al., 2021). While it is expected that disparities in parental stigmatised judgements are connected to the parents’ mental wellbeing, the study did not look into the mother’s or father’s mental illness (Norredam, et al., 2018).

The sample was selected through a three-group cross-sectional research study. Children and grandkids of Covid-19-infected patients made up the first group, whereas children and grandchildren of Covid-19-uninfected healthcare personnel made up the second. The third group consisted of children and grandchildren of people who were not infected with Covid-19 or who worked in healthcare (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

Discussion

The current study was carried out in compliance with the 1964 Proclamation of Helsinki’s moral guidelines and was authorized by the regional ethics board. The Minister of Education of the Province of Turkey and Ege University’s Scientific Ethics Board both gave their permission for the investigation. The children and their parents signed a permission form.

The psychological health of 71 students aged six to eighteen years was assessed using a telehealth semi-structured questionnaire that contained four separate items. Telemedicine was used to perform the psychiatric examinations, which used the DSM-5 clinical criteria and the K-SADS-PL-T, a semi-structured dialogue. It is a valid and reliable method to analyze the result according to the framework provided.

Families provided social population characteristics such as age, religion, academic level, family structure, COVID-19 source of data, and isolating measures, which were all documented that proved to be a clear description of the appropriate unbiased and well-explained setting. An online questionnaire was used to create the online survey, which included written consent and weights. It was distributed to the attendees via text messaging systems (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

The characteristics of the sample were not described. However, the research questions, hypothesis, and aim of the experiment were clearly described and explained.  For the statistical analysis p-value, less than .005 was considered to be statistically appropriate. In the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders-Child assessment, there was a severe negative association between age and separated social anxiety (p =.005) and a substantial positive link between age and anxiety disorders (p =.035).

Females were shown to have a greater rate of generalized anxiousness disorder than males (Ozbaran, et al., 2021). The Pearson’s chi-square test was used to look for correlations between category data. An unbiased t-test was used to assess the variation in averages among the three categories. The pictorial representation with the help of graphs and tables reported was understandable enough to make the analysis easier.

The authors had represented their findings clearly and covered the aim and objectives in a simple way by addressing the rationale of the research clearly. The research also highlighted a couple of recommendations that will help manage future research measures. The results are not only generalized to the specific study population, rather it provides a birds’-eye view of the related research in the field of COVID-19 outbreak (Ozbaran, et al., 2021).

The findings reveal that during the COVID-19 outbreak, there were disparities in parental stigmatized views, as well as variations in stigma judgments amongst children and teens based on gender and age (Wang, et al., 2020). This may be implemented in enhancing the situations and adversities of the consequences post COVID.

Recommendations

Depressive symptoms were shown to be more prevalent among children and teens throughout COVID-19 and previous epidemics, according to a detailed evaluation of children ’s mental illness during COVID-19 and previous catastrophic events (Loades, et al., 2019).

Demographic characteristics were also said to have impacted fear amid the COVID-19 outbreak (Meherali, et al., 2021). Thereby, creating awareness and the future need for experimental research that is a boon to improving nursing healthcare settings.

In the early period of the outbreak, there was no variation in adverse psychological symptomatology scores among the subgroups, however, the appearance of anxiety disorder symptoms varies by age and gender (Ozbaran, et al., 2021). This proves that utmost care and concern is required in handling children and adolescents whose family is undergoing a situational crisis. The article has changed my mindset that not only the patients but also the patients’ family members especially their offspring are going through immense stressful situations that have been creating a negative impact on their lives.

Therefore, this article will help me cover the problem that I will be facing in my clinical experience by addressing those problems in a more well-organized way. I will also apply the applied theoretical knowledge in assessing the mental health of patients and their family in any situation (Xie, et al., 2020).  It is also an addition to my knowledge that stigmatization and criticism a critical aspect that should be given utmost attention while attending and administering to patients going through unfavorable circumstances.

References:

Baldassarre, A., Giorgi, G., Alessio, F., Lulli, L., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2020). Stigma and discrimination (SAD) at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176341

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029.

Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3.

Research Critique

Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.024.

Hawes, M. T., Szenczy, A. K., Klein, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Nelson, B. D. (2021). Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Medicine, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005358

Ozbaran, B., Turer, F., Yilancioglu, H. Y., Kose, S., Senturk Pilan, B., Guzel, O., … & Ozhan, M. H. (2021). COVID-19–Related Stigma and Mental Health of Children and Adolescents During Pandemic. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13591045211059408. DOI: 10.1177/13591045211059408 . Psychological Health Of Children And Teenagers During The COVID-19 Pandemic Essay Paper