The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay

Radiography scrutiny of urinary piece of land via endovenous injection of contrast media ( giving liquid substances straight into a vena ) .This construction became as a flow or urination.This flow did n’t demo a clear image in a general x-ray.Although, with endovenous urography process, contrast media is injected into vena ( endovenous injection ) .

Intravenous urography will finish information all about kidney disease, ureter and chafe bladder.This process consists of two phase.First, it needs good functional of kidney to filtrate dye comes out from blood to urine.Time that needed for dye to be on X ray is related with kidney function.Second stage gives anatomical image of urination piece of land.

Between foremost proceedingss, the dye will give clear image of kidney, stage that called as nephrogram.The other image will follow dye that passes down to the ureter and saddle sore bladder.The last movie is taken after urine comes out will demo how the saddle sore vesica is emptied well.The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay. Intravenous urography by and large undergoes for valuate the abnormalcy construction or obstructor of the micturition piece of land.

INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY HELPS IN THE PROBLEMS
Kdney rocks in the kidney ( a rock in kidney or ureter will be shown clearly on the x-ray movie ) , Urine infection ( if patient has infection at the vesica or kidney, endovenous urography helps to happen if patients has obstructor or unnatural kidney ) , haematuria / hemorrhage in piss ( it is caused by infections, annoyance and tumour in kidney.with endovenous urography, it can assist to happen the cause ) , obstructor or amendss at any portion at urination piece of land can be seen by endovenous urography.

Contrast MEDIA
High- osmolality contrast media ( HOCM ) or low-osmolality contrast media ( LOCM ) are acceptable but the undermentioned ‘high hazard ‘ groups should have LOCM such as babies and little kids and the aged, those with nephritic and / or cardiac failure, ill hydrated patients, patients with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anemia, patients who have had a old terrible contrast medium reaction with LOCM or those with a strong allergic history.

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ADULTS DOSE
50 milliliter.

PAEDIATRIC DOSE
1 ml kgE‰? .

PATIENT PREPARATION
No nutrient for 5 hours prior to the examination.The patient should non be overhydrated but should be usually hydrated.Dehydration is non necessary and does non better image quality.Patients should be, sooner, be ambulatory for 2 hr prior to the scrutiny to cut down intestine gas.The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay. The everyday disposal of bowel readying fails to better diagnostic quality of the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny more unpleasant for the patient, others claim there is no grounds this is advantageous.

The patient should avoid the heavy repast prior to the scrutiny to cut down the sum of intestine gas, and the vesica should be empty.If the scrutiny is to be performed on a patient who has antecedently had a terrible contrast medium reaction, consideration should be given to administrating methyl Pediapred 32 milligram orally 12 and 2 hr prior to injection of contrast medium inaddition to guaranting that a LOCM is used Preliminary radiogram should be taken to show possible calcifications, concretions or other abnormalcies in the venters to happen the place of the kidneys, and to look into the

technique factors.

Preparation BEFORE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY EXAMINATION
The kidney should can be filter the contrast.For that, it is rare to make if the patient has unfunctional kidney.Before the process, the patient needs to undergoes blood trial to do certain the kidney is good function.The patient should inform the physician if there are any allergic reaction, prior to the contrast media likes iodine.The patient informed that do non devour any heavy repast certain hours before the procedure.This is to do certain, the patient ‘s colon is free from nutrients that can do the image became clear. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

.The patient will be given laxatives ( dulcolax / heavy doses causes painful cramps ) before the procedure.the intent is to clean the intestine that can do the x-ray image more clear.The patient will besides be given the informed consent for patient understand about the procedure.If patient has diabetes and takes Glucophage, the patient should halt takes the pills for two yearss before the examination.This is caused by the combination of Glucophage and contrast media that maybe gives side effects to the kidney.

AFTER THE PROCEDURE
After the endovenous urography process, the physician will name the movies discourse how to do colony with the patient and family.As an illustration, the physician can non see both of the kidney x-ray image clearly after four hours, the patient should let them to see for the following process.

There are many causes of the obstructors is kidney stones.the other causes are mass, tumour or malignant neoplastic disease at the tissue near the ureter.Sometimes, the hemorrhage in kidney can do blood coagulum that cause obstructor of micturition from gall vesica and ureter.

See of this scrutiny, the physician will do two actions ; either waiting for yearss for the rocks pass out in urine or refer to the specializer of the Urology that maestro in micturition disease.The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay. If the endovenous urography shown the obstructor of big rock in the upper or in-between portion of ureter, the urologist possibly used lithotripter machine that send sound moving ridges to interrupt rocks to little atoms that can go through through the ureter easy and comes out from organic structure via piss.

PRELIMINARY FILM
Supine, full length AP of the venters, in inspiration.The lower boundary line of the cassette is at the degree of the symphysis pubic bone and x-ray beam is centred in the mid-line at the degree of the iliac crests.

Technique
The average antecubital vena is the preferable injection site because flow is retarded in the cephalic vena as it pierces the clavipectoral fascia. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.A 19-G is advanced up the vena to cut down the hazard of a perivenous injection and the injection is given quickly as a bolus to maximise the denseness of the nephrogram.Upper arm or shoulder hurting may be due to stasis of contrast medium in the vein.This is relieved by abduction of the arm.

The patient is undress ( have oning infirmary gown ) and lying on the x-ray table.The contrast media is injected into venas or the arm.Ptient possibly feels pain.The contrast media is filtered via kidney and to ureter.The uninterrupted x-ray image is taken at the venters, normally every five proceedingss to ten proceedingss.

Patient is lying on the x-ray tabular array when the x-ray image is taken but, the patient will teach to travel to the lavatory for micturution before the last x-ray image is taken.Although, a few x-ray image is taken for hours before the examinationin certain conditions.Patient can endorse place after the process is done.Patient can devour normal repast after the scrutiny.

Movies
IMMEDIATE FILM
Anteroposterior ( AP ) renal areas.This movies is exposed 10-14 seconds after the injection ( arm-to-kidney clip ) .Its purposes to demo the nephrogram, as an illustration the nephritic parenchyma opacified by contrast mediain the nephritic tubules.

5-MINUTES FILM
AP nephritic areas.This movie is taken to find if eliminations is symmetrical and is priceless for measuring the demand to modify technique, as an examplea farther injections of contrast media if there has been hapless initial opacification.

A compaction set is now applied around the patient ‘s venters and the balloon positioned halfway between the anterior superior iliac spinal columns, as an illustration exactly over the ureters as they cross the pelvic brim.The purpose is to bring forth better pelvicalyceal distension.Compression is contraindicated after recent abdominal surgery, after nephritic injury, if there is a big abdominal mass and when the 5-minutes movie shows already distended calyces. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

15-MINUTES FILM
Ap of nephritic areas.There is normally equal distention of the pelvicalyceal systems with opaque piss by this time.Compression is releasd when satisfactory presentation of the pelvicalyceal systems has been achieved. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

RELEASE FILM
Supine AP abdomen.This movie is taken to demo the whole urinary tract.If this movie is satisfactory, the patient is asked to empty their vesica.

AFTER MICTURITION FILM
Based on the clinical findings and the radiological findings on the earlier movies, this will be either a full-length abdominal movie or a coned position of the vesica with the tubing angled 15 & A ; deg ; caudad and centred 5cm above the symphysis pubic bone.

The chief value of this movie is to measure vesica voidance, to show a return to normal of dilated upper piece of lands with alleviation of vesica force per unit area, to help the diagnosing of vesica tumours, to corroborate ureterovesical junction concretion and, uncommonly, to show a urethral diverticulum in females.

RISKS AND SIDE EFEECTS
There are small opportunities to acquire malignant neoplastic disease from radiation exposure.Radiation dosage that effectual from this process this is 3msv, same like people who are got the radiation in one year.Contrast media that is used in endovenous urography can do to irritation reaction to patients, sometimes it need medical treatment. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.Pregnant adult female should inform physician or radiographer if they are pregnant.

Small per centum of patient that got serious allergic reaction to contrast media, like unable to talk, breath or sup, swollen at lips and lingua, low blood force per unit area or faint.During the contrast media is injected, patient feels hot.This allergic reaction to contrast media is rare to happen.The effects is inflammation of the tegument, annoyance and conceited lips, The serious effects is hard in take a breathing and swoon cause of the low blood force per unit area.

Decision
Radiographer demand to hold a high grade of cognition, accomplishment, consciousness and involvement in this field so that they can carry through their day-to-day responsibilities efficaciously without seting patients life in danger.The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay. Contrast media is used in endovenous urography so that there are opaque or white countries at the kidney construction, ureter and vesica and this aid in better more clear x-ray image.Intavenous urography is an x-ray process that is used to name kidney jobs, ureter, vesica and urethra tract.This construction became it as micturition tract.The urination piece of land did n’t demo clear image in general x-ray image.

Although, with endovenous uroraphy, contrast media is injected into the vien ( endovenous is the giving of liquid substances straight into a vena ) that focused at kidney and comes out through the ureter as urine.Contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, the kidney, ureter and vesica will shown as white or opaque countries in x-ray image.X -ray image that green goods is known as endovenous urography.

Intravenous urogram is also known as intravenous pyelogram. It is a radiology procedure to view the urine system including kidney, bladder and ureter. Intravenous urogram is roughly examination allows the doctor to see structures like the cortex, renal, calyceal, renal pelvis, pyeloureteric junction, bladder and ureteric drainage. Among the problems that can be examined in this way is a bladder infection, kidney infection, bleeding in the urine, tumor, injury to the urinary tract after a severe external injuries, and several other related diseases. To carry out this examination, special materials required for these structures can be seen in the x-ray images. Special materials that are the contrast media.

Contrast agent is injected into a vein in the body and it will be distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream, before it is eliminated by the kidneys. Often the contrast agent is injected through the median cubital vein, and images of some of the kidney resulting contrast image synthesis. There are several types of projections used in the trial of IVU. Projections are as full length KUB, KUB on your belly, cross-dim range reduced the renal kidney and upper ureter, oblique to the kidneys, bladder anteroposterior angle of 15 degrees to prevent bladder covered with pubic symphysis and the bladder oblique. Contrast agents can be viewed directly on the kidney immediately after injection and is known as nephrogram.

This shows the contrast agent by glomerular filtered before reaching colyceal system. It is important to examine the renal outline, and can detect tumors, cysts or cortical scarring. He also produces initial information about the sign of kidney. After 5 minutes of an injection is given, calyces will be filled with contrast agents, which will then move down the ureter to fill the bladder.

Contraindications

Contraindications that should be known by the radiographers before any procedure is as renal colic, renal calculi, abdominal pain, abdominal surgery at the latest, after the patient gave birth, and the replacement of the kidney. This contraindication is important to avoid complications that may occur.

Patient preparation before during the examination

Patients are not allowed to drink a few hours before urogram examination. Patients are also asked to take a laxative to make sure everything is clean from the dirty material. If the patient is taking any medications such as blood pressure medicines, patients can continue taking these drugs unless prohibited by a doctor. If the patient is pregnant, the patient should be told radiographers working.

Intravenous urogram was not performed on patients who are pregnant unless certain emergency cases. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.Patients will be asked to sign a document. This document is carrying all the risks, benefits and all the compilations that can occur. This allows the patient to understand all the procedures of this inspection. If the patient agrees to assume all risks and understand the procedures established, the patient can sign the documents and procedures will be carried out.

Precautions before use of contrast media in intravenous urogram

The reaction cannot be expected to contrast media, and all patients should be cared for and tidy during the procedure. Of interest to examine the patient before performing any procedure should not be taken lightly. This guide will allow the radiographers to carry out the procedure. Radiographers should know the signs of the various reactions that occur. There are many steps that must be taken before, during and after the use of intravenous contrast media. The first, radiographers must know the patient’s health history. Secondly, if the patient is a patient who had a high risk, radiographers must use low-osmolar contrast media.

Among patients with high risk of the asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, and others. Next, batch number and expiry date should be examined in contrast media. In addition, radiographers must ensure that the contrast agents in body temperature.The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.  Radiographers should also check whether or not the package has disterile. Prior to this contrast media marginal, they should know the correct procedures, checking emergency equipment and know how to use these tools, and check the appropriate volume of contrast, the dose and the correct procedures.

Intravenous urogram procedure

Urografi intravenous test was initiated by asking the patient to remove clothing and wear a hospital gown provided. Patients are also asked to remove all jewelry that was found in patients. Then the patient will undergo blood tests to check whether the patient’s kidney function is good or not.

After that, the patient will be laid on stretchers or x-ray table. Then, the radiographers will take an x-ray images before contrast medium injection. Injection of contrast media on the patient through an intravenous. An intravenous cannula (IV) is inserted through a vein in the patient’s arm or hand. Then, the contrast medium injected.

X-rays are taken at the times specified. Several sequences of the film will be done according to the test. X-ray frequencies depends on the patient’s kidneys to menurus contrast media. Normally, the kidneys would normally filter the contrast medium within 5 to 10 minutes. Pesalit should remain a rest between each x-ray is taken. Another imaging technique will be used in conjunction with intravenous urogram called kidney tomogram. This is the imaging pictures of patient kidney in the slice condition.

Nurses will assist the radiographers to check the patient’s pulse, respiration and blood pressure continuously. Before the last x-ray is taken, the patient will be asked to empty their bladder. This is to see patients when the bladder is empty.The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.  Intravenous urogram procedures completed when all the tracks clearly show the urine pictures x-ray. The entire procedure takes about one hour.

Procedure during injection

During injection, radiographers must know where the Radiologist or a doctor may be contacted. In addition, radiographers must constantly monitor the respiration rate, blood pressure, color and level of patient awareness.

Procedure after the injection

Radiographers should remain with the patient not less than 15 minutes. when the inspection was made, check whether pesalit can return home safely or not. do not allow patients to return if there are any complications. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

Film sequence

Intravenous urogram test is one test that will need to use a lot of film. This is because the procedure performed and requires much more structure posisisi patient’s body to be x-ray. Preliminary film is the first film to be taken to the test. Preliminary film using a film of size 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm). The film will be placed under the patient. the patient would lie with the projection AP abdomen to include the symphysis pubis and diafgram border. This is to check the patient’s abdomen was doing inventory and to disclose any case of calcifications of the renal tract. X-ray beam was centered in the middle of the level of iliac crest. Additional X-ray taken to determine any akkan opacities present in the patient’s body. 35 degrees posterior to the renal area. Preliminary objective was to examine the patient’s colon and bowel preparation to see patients. It also seeks to identify the renal position to determine the exposure factors. It is also to look at problems in kidney patients.

Then radiographers will take x-ray film, called immediate. The film will be taken immediately after injection of contrast media. Film size 10 x 17 inches (24 x 30 cm) was used to film this immediate. X-ray beam centered between the lower costal margin and xiphisternum. Patients will be in a state of AP in the area to see renal patients kidneys when contrast is injected. It aims to show nefrogram, renal parenchyma is opacified by contrast medium in patients with renal tubules. The aim is to show the film immediate renal parenchyma to show neofrogram phase. It is also to examine the size of kidney patients will be expanded from the original size after injection of contrast.

After 5 minutes of contrast media injected in patients, radiographers will take an x-ray.X-ray called a 5 minute film. Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (35 x 43 cm) used for this film. Patients in the supine AP and AP projeksinya for renal area. After 5 minutes of completion of the injection of contrast medium to patients, taking X-rays done full KUB shows the urinary system. Taking pictures of x-ray taken at this time to determine the patient’s bowel movement is symmetrical and does not need to modify the technique for assessing needs. For example, another contrast medium should be injected when the kidney is less opacification. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.The purpose of a 5 minute film is to compare the flow of contrast agent by the two sides of kidney patients. It is also to see the patient’s pelvis system. 5 minute film is also to examine the excretion of symmetry in both kidneys.

After that, the film is taken 15 minutes. This film is so named because the x-ray is taken after 15 minutes the patient is injected with contrast media. Film size 10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) used for this film. Taking x-ray done 15 minutes after injection (10 minutes after the film 5 minutes). The aim is to see the renal calyx system more clearly, the pressure is on this film series with kolimasi exposure on renal kawaswan. Use of pressure rings are not needed when the patient shows any indication of renal calculi and in patients after surgery. This is to avoid injury to the renal patient. Perform head-down position when the pressure rings are not used.

Then, release film taken after the 15-minute film. Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film. Taking x-ray done after opening the pressure ring or for patients who do not use the pressure ring, the patient should be changed from the head down position to a reclining position. The entire urinary system and bladder area should look at this film series.

The last film was taken in a test called the film post – void / micturate. Size of film measuring 14 x 17 inches (43 x 35 cm) used for this film. Taking x-ray performed after the patient’s bowel to empty the urinary bladder. The purpose of the film post – void / micturate was to assess the patient’s residual urine after urination. It is also to see the ability to clear the patient’s ureter bladder. It also showed no bladder problems such as tumors and divertikulum. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

Risk of Intravenous urogram examination

Intravenous urogram is always carried out without any risks or problems. This examination is a safe examination. However, to ensure that all the conditions are really safe and to avoid any complications, patients should be caring and always sensitive to side effects. The patient is exposed to radiation. Rate of radiation received by patients was similar to the radiation received by all the environment for 14 months.

If the patient is pregnant, this examination cannot be done. This is because the fear of radiation can have adverse side effects on the content. There are also some potential side effects experienced by patients after the inspection but it is very poor. If there are any side effects, patients may feel hot or itchy and uncomfortable in the mouth after receiving an injection of contrast media. It only felt by the patient for a few minutes.

Patient care

Care for patients after intravenous urogram examination is essential. This is due to revive a patient of any effects after the test. Radiographers should ensure that patients in stable condition. Slowly open the needle and clean the place involved. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay. Give an explanation to the patient for follow-up care after testing is completed. Ask patients to change their clothes after the completion of the test. Radiographers should also advise patients to drink sufficient water to remove the contrast media from the patient’s body.

Complication

Complications may occur during or after the inspection. Allergic reaction or allergy to contrast media is a major risk even kidney damage could be one of the complications. If the patient has allergies to iodine, contrast material, has a problem hives, difficulty breathing, the patient should immediately notify the radiographers. Detailed information and the patient’s medical history should be known in order to avoid any complications that may occur.

CONTRAST MEDIA

Introduction

Clinical diagnostic radiology has been developed not only in terms of equipment and techniques used, but the contrast media allows visual structure and internal organs can be seen in more detail. A dose of contrast media used in x-ray usually contains 2000 times as much iodine content of iodine in the body. However, iodine contained in the contrast media will be removed in a natural system immediately. Generally no side effects occur. Selection of contrast media has always been a problem, but actually it depends on the radiologist itself. To make rational decisions about the choice of contrast media have a high understanding of the principles of physical and physiological needed. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

Why contras media is necessary?

The level of attenuation of all the patients affected by the atomic number of factors involved. If there is such a large density difference between the heart muscle and the air in the lungs, the lines of the structure can be seen on radiographs as a natural contrast exists. Similarly, if there are differences in the number of atoms between two tissues like muscle and bone. Muscles consist of low atomic number instead of bone consists of calcium and has a high atomic number of lebiih. Line structure can be seen because of the natural contrast. But if the two organs that have the density and atomic number is not much difference, it is not possible to distinguish the structure of the organ in the radiograph because the contrast does not exist naturally.

So, no way we could see the blood vessels in an organ or internal structure of the kidneys without the use of other substances or change the contrast. Two important factors can be changed is the density and atomic number of an organ structure. Number of atomic structure is hollow as the blood vessels can be added or promoted by filling the liquid has a higher atomic number such as iodine contained in the contrast media. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

Type of contrast media

There are several types of contrast media used. Contrast media can be differentiated based on the modality used. Although there are various types of contrast media, the type often used is based on its x-ray attenuation and magnetic resonance signals.Contrast media can be divided into two positive contrast media and contrast media is negative. Contrast material is used to enhance x-ray attenuation. Positive contrast media materials give the white in the image.

While the media are negative contrast material was used to portray the image black.Gadolinium is used in magnetic resonance signal as MRI contrast agents. Gadolinium enhance the quality of MRI scans. There are two types of positive contrast material is used in an x-ray of barium and iodine. There are many types of existing iodine contrast media with different viscosities, osmolariti and iodine content.

a) Non-iodine contrast media

Medium contrast material is a white powder that was insoluble. The powder is mixed with water and a few other extra components to make a mixture of contrast material. This material is generally only used in the digestive tract. Normally this type of contrast medium ingested or given by enema. Upon examination, this material will be removed from the body with dirty materials. Non-iodine dimer is the best choice for a low toxic content. However, non-iodine dimer has a higher price.

b) Iodine contrast media

Materials iodine contrast media is soluble in water and is not harmful to the body.Contrast materials are widely sold as a solution of clear, colorless liquid. Concentrations are usually expressed in mg / ml. Iodine contrast material is used almost in every human body. Iodine contrast media is divided into three. Contrast media containing iodine oil, iodine contrast media and water-soluble contrast media are not water soluble.

Microbubbles were a contrast agent used to help sonographic echocardiogram. These bubbles of nitrogen and supported by proteins, lipids or polymers. Decrease in density between gas and liquid surrounding the bubble and will reflect back ultrasound. This process causes the resulting image can be seen clearly. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

Effect of contrast media

Contrast media are safe to use, but some health problems associated with some of the contrast media. Reactions vary about the danger of death, with approximately 0.9 deaths per 100 000 cases. These factors are invited to this dangerous reactions, including a strong allergy, asthma and heart disease bronchiol. There are many misconceptions that exist among the professionals is the contrast between the media associated with allergic reactions to seafood because they both have the iodine content in it.

However, few studies have been made and indicated that while iodine is a substance often used in contrast media, but it was not the cause of the allergy but it is better for patients with a history of other allergies. However, there are also some patients reactions to contrast media. Examples of such reactions are nausea or vomiting, feeling hot all over the body, while itching, sneezing, sometimes shortness of breath and hypotension. Actual reactions depending on the patient’s own resistance.

Way of contrast media given

1) Through Oral

Contrast media is given by mouth by drinking or swallowing of contrast media. Normally it is barium sulfate. Giving oral contrast media will affect where the stomach will look white on x-ray film. Contrast media containing barium sulfate is not harmful. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay. Barium sulfate is excreted out in a day or two days. In all cases, the use of contrast media is not advised for pregnant women because of lack of conclusive evidence about how safe contrast media in pregnancy. However, if this type of examination can save lives, the risks should be weighed again on a case-by-case.

2) Through Anal (small intestine and large intestine)

Contrast media through the rectum or anal granted. Contrast media is inserted into the rectum with the help of rectal catheter. Rectal contrast media through which this will affect the large intestine will look white on x-ray film. In this way, the various organs or structures can be viewed and studied.

3) Through intravascular

Contrast media is given by intravascular injection. Often, the material used is iodine-based contrast media. Most patients can be detained and given an injection of contrast media quickly removed from the body without adverse side effects. Iodine-based contrast media caused a warm feeling when injected. Sometimes patients may feel sick after receiving the injections. Therefore, patients are always advised not to take any food before any radiological examinations requiring contrast media.

Rarely, iodine-based contrast media may cause an allergic reaction. Gadolinium contrast media are also given in the form of magnetic resonance imaging during the injection. Contrast medium is working to enable the organs that have good blood supply appears white on the MRI images.

Selection of contrast media

Radiologist choose the type of contrast media based on experience and knowledge. They choose the type of contrast media depends on the patient’s condition. To make decisions, various factors including clinical factors and financial factors are also considered to assist in making a selection. Royal College of Radiologist provide some guidance. Among the patients who are at high risk of reaction. Among them are children, the elderly, diabetics, patients suffering from asthma, and patients with allergies. In this group, 25% of patients were recommended for the test.

How the contrast media used

There are a number of radiological examinations using contrast media. Volume, different types of contrast media for each patient depending on the type of inspection and the need Radiologist.

Angiography

Angiography is the examination carried out to examine the blood vessels. Selection of arteriography and venography depending on what type of blood vessels to be inspected. Either vein or artery.

Arteriography

For arteriography, the contrast media through the catheter used in the arteries. Blood flow will lead to the loss of contrast media. With this, the image of the artery can be seen in organs or in other parts division.

Venography

For venography, contrast medium injected into the vein and vein travel throughout the body can be seen. The greater the size and number of veins in the body, the more positions that need to be made by radiographers to obtain images of veins throughout the body. Normally venography performed to confirm the patient has deep vein thrombosis. In the leg, venography was also performed on the organs in the body by inserting the contrast medium into the organ via the venous catheter. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.

Intravenous urography (IVU)

Intravenous urography is a check for a urinary tract. When an intravenous injected, most of the contrast media to be secreted by the kidneys. This inspection is performed to check whether there is any kidney stones or other kidney problems.

Computer tomography (ICT)

An electronic, ICT has a better contrast sensitivity. But it cannot create a contrast which does not exist naturally. A total of 43% of CT procedures using contrast media. CT is widely used in the body but are often used for examination of neurons as the brain and spinal cord. It is also used for examining the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. It is also useful for examining the tumor.

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Myelography

Spinal cord and major nerves can not be displayed by x-ray without the use of contrast media. Spinal cord and other nerves can be displayed using MRI. Images can be produced if the contrast medium injected into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Contrast media have been created specifically for this examination. The majority of myelography made to examine the lumbar to confirm any clinical problems such as intervertebral disc out of the home. However, CT and MRI now has replaced myelography as the research lumbar. Myelography with CT scan was used to investigate spinal cord and cervical areas.

Inspection of other

There are several other examinations in which contrast media are needed. As an example of the contrast medium is introduced to the structure of such joints to study the anatomy and pathology. Iodine containing contrast media when given orally, it can be used to examine organs such as the small intestines.

Responsibilities of radiographers

Radiographers should be sensitive to the needs of patients are willing to help and should have a responsible attitude. Always willing to help the state to face and deal with an emergency procedure, especially when contrast media. Clearly and accurately describes the procedure of contrast media using language easily understood by patients. Cooperation of the two parties to produce a successful procedure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, much needed in the media kontas produces images that are clearer and brighter because it has the properties of radio-opect less penetrated by x-ray. It will also be a dangerous to the patient if the radiographers to take it easy patient safety. The Use Of Intravenous Urography Essay.